Overview Of Electronic Funds Transfer Marketing Essay

Overview Of Electronic Funds Transfer Marketing Essay ABSTRACT My thesis is based on the E-banking technology in which consumers can acquire more perfect, more rapidly and quick banking services from the programmed banking system. This technology has also been implemented by the global banks as well as by banks in Pakistan to provide well-organized and efficient services to their privileged consumers. The objective of this thesis is conceded to unchain the importance that Pakistani banks are associated with this form of e-banking technology that is being executed by the banks for providing the electronic services to the consumers and in what degree this technology is significant to customers. This research work will also aid to conclude whether the e-banking services are more perfect, more rapidly and quick banking services. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION When Internet has entered into our daily life, the most dimensions of our lives such as education, communication, business, etc, were overshadowed by this novel phenomenon. One of these dimensions is to handle banking affairs through the Internet (Shirali Shahreza, 2007). According to (Richard Nyangosi Arora, Sumanjeet Singh, 2009) banking through electronic channels has gained much popularity in recent years. This system, popularly known as e-banking, provides faster delivery of banking services to a wide range of customers. Information technology is becoming an important factor in the future development of financial services industry, and especially in banking industry (Nami. M. R, 2009). In current business environments, customers using the services products of the banks want better choice. (Avkiran, 1999) stressed the importance of the human touch in the customer services. The capability of banking staff can be expected to directly affect the customers satisfaction. However, e-banking technologies can help in better understanding customers needs and customizing the services/ products according to their needs. In the new era there is a need of bank customers to get improved electronic banking services and also better relations with the bankers. It is also the need of time to provide efficient services/products to the customers. In Pakistan however, such kind of electronic banking has started recently. Online banking system present to their consumers a set of information-related benefits that favors to adopt e-banking, including the facility for the customers to control their bank accounts at any time and any place, and to access information content for making investment and financing decisions (Howcroft B, 2002). Due to the competition among the banks in Pakistan, the banks want to provide the services, which are more efficient, rapid and enhanced the banking system. Therefore, the objective of e-banking is to create such working environment where customers can easily find about the information they require for performing financial transactions. 1.1.1 Definition of E-Banking Electronic banking, known as Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), it is basically the use of electronic methods or means to transfer money electronically directly from one account to another account, rather than cash or cheque. We can use electronic funds transfer for: 1. We can withdraw money by an ATM machine with a personal identification number (PIN), for our convenience at day or night. We can guide our bank or credit union to pay automatically monthly utility bills from our account, or our auto loan even our mortgage payment. 2. We can buy food, fuel for our personal transport, and other goods at the purchasing point, using a credit card rather than cash. 3. We can use a prepaid smart card embedded for our daily purchasing like pay phone, toll expenses, daily college expense or any bookstores. 1.2 BACKGROUND The increasingly change in worldwide competitiveness in commercial behaviors has improved the volume of bank in the world. It has produced additional banking knowledge and also improved customer demand of services given by banks. This revolution has set a motion in the banking sector for the provision of a payment system that is compatible with the demands of the electronic market (Balachandher, 2001). On the behalf of increased competition, many banks and organization did not only reduce their costs but they have also increased their products. Technology has changed the preconditions for service delivery, dramatically in recent years (Fredriksson, 2003). The banks are the financial institutions to provide consumers savings services, money transmission services and credit services (Sinkey, 1990). In other terms, banks are concerned with safe transaction and collection of management functions. In this regard the main object of the banks is to making profits and giving best services to their customers. Customers are eager to a banks behavior because the customers are the most significant cause of a banks deposit and revenue creation. These customers may either be a single person or group of a person or organization. According to (Chaudhury Kuilboer, 2002) the potential of providing innovative services over the Web is limited only by ones imagination. Online services, especially banking services, are becoming more attractive and alternative to visiting service outlets or phone call centers for increasing their customers. Therefore it become easy for the customers to prefer online services (Szymanski Hise, 2000), feel more in control of the service process (Bateson, 2000) to avoid from human contact with time saving (Meuter M.L. 2000). In Pakistan however, banking organizations have been focused on censure for not given to their customers with original and suitable banking services. Therefore, the outcome that some customers, find it suitable to keep their money or reserves at home than the banks. Studies will carry out by two famous banks working in Pakistan, which have researched and applied computerized technology for the delivery of banking services. Although, banking administration has delayed to execute computer technology in banking exercises. A number of studies have concluded that IT has positive effects on bank services delivery to customers, bank productivity, cashiers work, banking transaction and banking investment. So, these have positive effects on the growth of banking system (Balachandher, 2001). In addition, delivery the high quality services is a way for the banking to improve their relationships with their customers. By the Delivering high quality services, banks can achieve customer satisfaction and through customer satisfaction banks can gain loyal customers (Grà ¶nroos, 2000). Because of the highly undifferentiated services and products, financial organizations specifically banks become main tool for competing in this marketplace (Kim J.K, Han, Choi Kim S.H. 1998). Much research has been done about the quality of services and customer requirements in the traditional banking environment, where personal interaction between the customers and the bank employees takes place (Oppewal Vriens, 2000). Therefore, this is very important for the online banking services providers to become more capable about the customers perceptions of the online banking services quality. On the other hand the customers also have more expectations and demand when they are using e-banking services either the services are satisfactory or not. Because it is quite easier for customers to evaluate and compare the benefits of competing services (Santos, 2003). 1.3 PROBLEMS DISCUSSION The study about e-banking adaptation has gained special attention during the last decade as for instance; banking journals have devoted special issues on the topic (Waite Harrison, 2002). There were a lot of grievances over the delays in traditional banking services, withdrawals and delay in processing. Time is money but the customers have to wait for a long time of their turn in the bank for any banking facility. Some time even from a remote area a customer has to travel to the concerned branch for any kind of transaction. On the closing hours it becomes more harmful if anyone want make a business deal for payment. Having the computerized operations and automated teller machine; it has made it easy that the banks would activate their e-units to support the online banking services. In Pakistan, manual-banking system was performing below standard services to the customers and it may be affected on the customers support. Transactions of the money from one manual bank to the other can take five to ten days. Some time, when the purpose of transferring the money has almost dead. Sometimes businessmen have to cancel their business deals due to the unavailability of the cash transferring facility in time in traditional banking system where services are as slow as non-secure, non-satisfactory. In order to satisfy customers needs, many banks build their set up through web sites and Internet that provide the services and information to customers and the better service can help to get higher profitability. With the studies of IT in substantial, that would put a positive effect on bank productivity, cashiers work, banking transaction, bank support, and delivery of bank service. These have positive effects on the growth of banking (Yasuharu, 2003). Now Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is providing broadband, which has enabled the customers to adopt the e-services instead of manual banking because these are much efficient and accurate. In Pakistan there is low literacy rate of workingwoman that are in service. But now young educated generation especially woman are trying to get jobs and taking part in nation building and economy and they have to use the banking services. Therefore the e-banking services will help and satisfy them regarding their expectations for efficient, accurate services. Recently, many local banks in Pakistan have used the online services as a new market channel to offer their customers a variety of services 24 hours a day. This e-banking, compared to traditional banking, heavily involves non-human interactions between customers and online bank information systems (Furst, Lang Nolle, 2002). When the customer evaluate of the e-banking service they received from Banks, then their satisfaction depends on website features/user interface design (Doll Torkzadeh, 1988) and that can be important to analyze the designed features of banking services delivered to the customers. 1.4 STUDY PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to establish the important that how the customers fond the concept and carry out e-banking services and to determine whether the utilization from the e-banking services, make more efficient, accurate and in time of banking services and also to make a variety and excellence between automated and a manual or ordinary Banking systems. To comprehend electronic Banking system in the context of Pakistan by the way of an analysis on the factors that manipulates customers favorable reception of electronic banking services. Particularly to consider the services and products associated with ordinary banking and e-banking with their fast, rapid, efficient, enhanced are more useful methods and to provide the customers to recognize the online banking services. It is to identify the significant aspects that shape the customers view about electronic service and features and the outcome of these services on customers satisfaction in Pakistani banking sector. The current study offers and considers a model to explain how ease, rapid, efficient operation, security, enhanced reliability and reaction positively and meaningfully affect customers awareness of e- services and how these manipulates the customers satisfaction. The leading issues pay attention in the study of e-banking customers to recognize the necessary dimensions of e-service provided by the banks. The study of the literature exposes the convenience, efficient operation, security and privacy, reliability with rapidness, and responsiveness with enhanced methods of e-banking service factors. These dimensions share many general facets of those quality determinants originated within the context of traditional service industries by earlier research (Parasuraman D. Grewal, 2000). Alternatively, these dimensions have their distinct attributes inherent in automated service quality environment (Al-Hiwari ward, 2006). The convenience dimension refers to ease of use and accessibility of the service at all times. The customers prefer flexibility to meet their financial needs at all times, which affect their perception of the e service quality (Gerrard Cunningham, 2003). Lio Cheung, 2002 found that accessibility positively determines perception of quality of service. (Lockettt Litter, 1997) and (Moutinho Goode, 1995) established that time utility is a major contributor of customers perception of e service quality. A lot of studies mentioned that the location e-service delivery is a strong driver of customers perception of e service quality (Aldlaigan Buttle, 2002; Almossawi, 2001; Levesque McDougall, 1996). The second dimension of e-service quality, efficient operation, relates to efficient and speedy operation of these services. Efficient in operations enhances the resources for the customers. Customers accord priority to user-friendliness of ATM. (White Nteli 2004) found that efficient and faster delivery has positive effect on customers perception for quality. Dilijonas, D.; Kriksciun ien, D.; Sakalauskas, V Simutis, R. 2009 argues that minimum breakdown of machines constitutes the essential aspect of e-service feature. (Al-Hawari ward, 2006) talks about the efficient ATM functions positively affect the customers perception of service quality. The element of consistency and dependability describes accurate and assured service at all times. Online users want to obtain the right quantity and right feature of service at all times, as promised by the banks. The literature provides strong support that rapidness, efficient and enhanced are essential determinants of customers perceived service quality and positively relates to customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ use of online services (Fassnacht Koese, 2006; Polatoglu Ekin, 2001). The responsiveness aspect of e-service quality relates to the ability of the bank staff to provide the agreed services timely, accurately, dependably, and promptly. Customers prefer to resolve their complaints expeditiously (Karjaluoto, Mattila Pento, 2002). Prior studies indicate that responsiveness is crucial to sustain service quality and facilitates to build long-term relationship between service provider and the customers (Bauer, Falk Hammer Schmidt, 2006; Long McMillan, 2004). The research results will reflect a positive and strong relationship between online service quality and customers satisfaction. 1.5 BENEFITS OF E-BANKING The e-banking services open seven days a week and 24 hours a day. To decrease the cost-line and no need of physical bank branches To create more deep collection  for consumers needs and expectations. Terms of services to customers for their personal choices. Easy access for all. With the e-banking money can easily be get within no time from ATM machine. In current time E-banking has open out rapidly all over the world. Almost all Banks are making much use of E-banking amenities to offer good services. The extension of E-banking has also significantly advantaged the normal customer in all purposes. 1.5.1 Benefits from the customers point of view Common customers have been much affected in an optimistic manner by E-banking. A lot of ordinary tasks have been fully computerized resulting in much ease and reliable. The main benefit from the customers point of view is major time saving by the computerized of banking services as well as online processing and an easy maintenance tools for managing customers money. Some other key benefits of e-banking for customers are as follows (BankAway, 2001; Gurău, 2002). Decreased costs in operating and using the banking e-services. Increased relief and timesaving operation can be made 24 hours a day, without consulting with the bank. Rapid and enhanced access to information. Organizations or customers will have much easy access to get information as, they can check on several accounts on click of a button. Improved cash management. E-banking services speed up cash cycle and enhance the efficiency of business operations, as large types of cash management methods are available by e banking. Decrease costs in terms using the different e-banking products and services Rapidness the reply of services is very fast therefore the customers can actually wait till the last minute before final fund transfer transaction. Customers can take their history of different funds management Consumers account is particularly accessible with in online account. Consumers can withdraw money at any time through ATMs that are now generally available all over the country. With withdrawing money, customers can also take mini banks statements, account balance on ATMs. Through online banking consumers can control their account while sitting in his office or in home. No need to go in the bank personally for such matters. E-banking has also provided the facility in payment of utility bills. There is no need to stand in long queues for these matters. All these services are generally available at bank website. The development of credit card and its usage also owes significantly to E-banking. Now a customer can purchase anything worldwide without moving paper money with him. Banking services are available 24 hours a day; seven days a week or they are only a mouse click away. 1.5.2 Benefits from the bank point of view Banking industry has also various benefits due to the development of E-Banking procedure. Some are mentioned as below. The core benefits for the banking point of view is that e-banking services are better response to the market. The main purpose of every financial organization is to boost up the profits for its vendors. Online banking services offer ideal chances for increasing the profits. Some clarifications for this pricing plan can be proposed Banks receive extra profits on transactions completed via electronic channels.The abundance of payments is not a main concern for banks. Cross subsidization in special services groups is used, for instance, profits from loan activity balance poor abundance from payment services. The development of E-banking has much helped the banks in minimizing their overheads charges and service cost. Many services and dull tasks have now been fully computerized and in better Efficiency and good time usage. The growth of E-banking has made banks more economical. It has also led to growth of banking industry, commencing of new opportunities for banking processes. E-banking has reduced the paper work in banking industry, thus give them to work with paper less environment. E-banking has also provided facility to bank in proper records and documentation of the transactions. The e-banking capabilities of computer networks, like as the Internet, are much better than any branch network. 1.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF E-BANKING With the fame of the Internet growing progressively, many industries are discovering new and attractive method to make it appealing medium to keep up with the continually altering preferences of clients. Nowadays, we can do almost everything over the Internet like shopping for home goods, business deals, contact with friends and so on. The Internet has apparently nonstop possibilities for the banking industry. Most of us have known about online banking services, and more than a majority has perhaps not even tried it yet. Some of us are feeling more relax and easy to work with real people, paper work and money instead of its virtual complement. At last there are a many advantages and disadvantages of online banking services. In this study there will be outline of good side as well as the bad side of online banking services. That you can feel online banking is safer way to manage your transactions and you can be overcome your fears. 1.6.1 Advantages Online banking is very suitable and convenient. It allows people to pay their bills and make transactions anytime during any time of the day and in the week. E-banking system never closes any time because people can access it through internet. There will be no matter in which country you are or anywhere in the world. Customers can make online transaction and handle your finances with conveniently. Secondly, e-banking services are very rapid, effective, enhanced and efficient. E-banking system also gives the option of transaction making in the different bank accounts from a website. Mostly e-banking websites are compatible with programs like Microsoft infrastructure, which makes organizations assets more valuable. 1.6.2 Disadvantages There are also some disadvantages in e-banking services. The main problem is that most people do not trust the transaction performed on online and almost wonder whether they did the right thing? Of course, people more relax and feel easy to find printing the transaction receipts of their transactions. The receipt will confirm them whether or not their transaction has gone successfully. For beginner e-banking can be difficult to learn and some time website could take time to start up. Some websites ask for identification, which can be very inconvenient for the new comers in e-banking. People like talking in person-to-person in case of any difficulty or problem. They like the personal touch like customer service and these kinds of people do not feel comfortable with e-banking. 1.7 ELECTRONIC BANKING IN PAKISTAN Electronic banking is the most recent in the line of technological aspects of the recent past in Pakistan. ATMs, mobile Banking, Credit Cards and Debit Cards, Internet Banking, Cyber Cash have come forward as useful delivery channels for usual banking services and products. In Pakistan, MCB RBS took as a pioneer to introduce ATMs and credit cards in the mid 1990s. The Annual Report of SBP (2003: p. 110) mentioned this delayed access of electronic banking by regulatory hurdles; much costs for startup, reforms on-going banking sector and lack of technological knowledge. The e-banking promoted with the circulation of the Electronic Transaction Ordinance 2002 by the Government of Pakistan. This attraction facilitates legal respect of digital signatures the risks associated, reducing documentation with the exercise of electronic technology in business. In current situation, almost all Pakistani commercial banks have their own setup and networks, they issuing debit and credit cards and have joined collectively in operating ATM Switch Networks with each others. As according to (Kolachi, 2006) Pakistani banks offers the following online banking services and products to their customers. Inquiry:  Account balance inquiry, Account statement inquiry, fixed deposit inquiry, Check statement inquiry Payment:  Credit and Debit cards payments, Transfer of funds, Utility bills payments and direct payments. Request:  Demand draft requests, Stop payment requests, Cheque/Check book requests, New fixed deposit requests Download:  Statement download, download Customer profile, other information and guidelines. The Annual Report (2009, p. 111) of SBP explains that domestic banks are the foremost provider of ATM facilities while foreign banks, like ABN AMRO Bank, Standard Chartered, and Citibank control the credit card business in Pakistan and over 95% of the total amount of transactions. 1.8 RESEARCH QUESTION The research question is in the sense that, the endurance of any e-banking system based on the large extent that depends on the banks ability to maintain and attract customers by offering modern and technologically enhanced banking services and products. Investigate between customer perception of e-services and the services environment in Pakistan. In order to understand and to be accomplishing the purpose, the research question of the study defined as follows: To what extent E-banking System is more efficient, rapid and offers enhanced opportunities compared with ordinary banking system in Pakistan?

How to Steal a Million Dollars

Fraud Examination Unit 9 6/2/12 How to steal a million dollars Mr. Seneca Stunton was an accountant clerk for a company called Carlton Chemical. Seneca had no formal education for accounting. His experience was for a smaller company which he exceled at book keeping. He accepted the job with Carlton Chemical and he was on the track to excel and have a great career. His supervisor was just in Seneca’s position, so Seneca was pretty happy to see that there were advancement opportunities within the company. Seneca approached his job with commitment and enthusiasm.He was married and with his wife and his own kids they had a total of seven children. Seneca’s duties were accounts receivable collections, posting payments, resolution of customer service inquires and maintenance of the accounts receivable ledgers. Patrick Dawley was the owner; he started the business over thirty years ago. Carlton Chemical sells chemicals to large and small business and they use it for raw materi al. The company was growing, Patrick looked on what really drove sales was how effective the operation is, like keeping accurate order taking, billing and collections, timely deliveries and great customer service.Patrick was viewed as a problem solver. There was not a problem too small for him to figure out. He had the ability to look at the problem and see the solution. Patrick was the only one who really had accuses to the money, all transactions had to go to him to approve. Every week he held detailed meetings about the money and unpaid bills. He looked over the statements on a regular basis. There was not really too much that got passed him so when he found out the ARs was not correct and there was more outstanding bills then he thought there was really surprised him.Seneca was taking one person’s larger payments and was putting it to other customer’s outstanding bills. He was doing this for over a great deal of time. Which created a huge landslide of problems for the company, and when all the audits was said and done there was around two million dollars missing. This investigation took a very long time and they could not find where the money went. They investigated Seneca’s life style and he did not over spend or live outside his salary, and everything they could do pointed that there was no money stolen. So they were stumped where the money went.There was however inappropriate discounts given to the customers. There were some complaints about this from the customers, but the company did not follow up on it. Carlton Chemical did recover a little of the money from customers that were willing to pay some of their bills, and from the insurance that the company has. After all this they were still one million dollars down. This was a unique problem that the company faced. The biggest thing that allowed Seneca to do this was the lack of supervision. Patrick looked at all the statements that where involved directly with the money.He did not think to keep track of the outstanding payments since that could not allow someone to directly steal from the company. Even thou Seneca had no control nor did he touch money he still was in charge of the bills. He did not steal from the company directly but he did use other payments to pay the past due. Which then created the first payments to be late and so it was a huge snowball effect. In no time at all there were so many past due bills. I think Seneca did this because he simply did not like addressing the customers about their bills. So he came up with this idea.

A Critical Regulatory Issue in Health Care

HCS/430 13 Case Law A critical regulatory issue in health care Amanda Whitt HCS/430 13 Case Law A critical regulatory issue in health care Amanda Whitt Ethical problems within hospitals and other facilities has been an ongoing issue for around 35 years. With the fast growth of technology and new medicine, the financial structures that could possibly create more financial concerns. The organizational effects of these issues will start looking at the quality of health care. In the economy, the demand from consumers and the production costs will help guide and form a firm structure.Many health care organizations need to use good thinking tasks to make proper decisions. More issues include: patient autonomy, termination of patient treatment, advance directives, confidentiality, and informed consent. Back in the day, hospitals received charitable donations from internal sources of the community. Hospitals are thriving in developing new technology and new science. The price of the new tech nology for the findings that have sky rocketed and can create future financial concern.The development of new technology can broaden the areas for treatment and if they have the correct tools to perform treatment, then they will get to experience the cost of it as well. With having the new technology in most organizations, patient's will receive less one on one time with the doctors to ask questions. I have noticed this through a personal experience of mine. I remember I would be in the doctors forever when I was a little girl and nowadays, I am usually in there for a quick visit. The patients pay a lot of money to receive less guidance from your doctor or though it may seem. Paying for health insurance s definitely a costly additive for the patient and does not get any cheaper to carry coverage on their family. Issues with the new technology and science will create more training and certification. This will be an additional cost to the health care facility of where they are introdu cing the new technology equipment. This can also cause staff to be less interactive with their patients because they are focusing on the new programs, equipment, ect. Although, the cost will be noticeable now, but once training and the proper use of equipment is learned, the facility will be saving money in the end.New sciences can develop more jobs and may also create the areas to have a more trained professional who has a distinct job description of the study of the issue. Patient autonomy is where the patients have a right to decide for their own medical care. This decision should not include an influential decision made by the patient’s health care provider but the health care provider is allowed to educate their patients about their possible concerns. The termination of a patient could simply be because the provider may be relocating or retiring.There are cases where a managed care plan may no longer be taking the patient's insurance coverage. The physician needs to foll ow the correct steps in order to terminate a patient from their facility because if the physician does not follow the proper steps, then they may run into ethical issues if the patient isn't given a reasonable cause for this action. An advance health care directive is a written statement of how the patient is wanting to receive treatment in case of a severe injury, illness, or incapacitated which will cause the patient not being able to make their own decisions.It is also known as a Living Will which will help the family members know what their loved ones wanted in case this happened. One of the most critical issues is confidentiality. It is the physician's role to keep the patient's medical information kept between the physician and patients. Full disclosure of patient information can help the physician diagnose medical conditions with the proper treatment. The only way the patient's information may be distributed is by signing a consent form to release their personal information.I nformed consent is giving a medical professional consent to perform a procedure or a test that is needed for a health concern. The language on the document of an informed consent must be understood and readable for the patient. Once they have finished reading the document, then a signature from the patient is required because of they perform a procedure that could cause medical harm during it. The patient could go back and sue the facility for not properly following their regulations. In the consent for the patient, there should be statements describing the certain procedure of what the physicians will be performing.The informed consent needs to be given during a specific time frame before the procedure. In conclusion, these ethical issues can be prevented with the proper training of the field. Proper training will lead to better quality of care and safe practices within an organization. The cost of health care will still be an issue down the road because the technology and the new findings of diseases will continue to increase. Following rules and regulations will help organizations grow in a positive setting. It is important for all facilities to become known to a comfortable structure so that they are financially set for any new changes.New changes don't only benefit the doctors but it also benefits the patient that is receiving the treatment. References 1. Mariner, W. (1995). Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. â€Å"Business versus Medical Ethics: Conflicting Standards for Managed Care† pg. 237. http://www. jblearning. com/samples/076374526X/4526X_CH14_235_250. pdf 2. Allison, David, Arch, D. , Uriel Cohen. (2009). The Center for Health Design. Critical Issues in Healthcare Environments. http://www. healthdesign. org/chd/research/critical-issues-healthcare-environments

Essay Howard Zinn vs. George Wood - 934 Words

What is Gordon S. Wood’s argument and what is Howard Zinn’s argument on the nature of the American War for Independence and what evidence do the two historians present to support their interpretations? Who do you think presents the better case? Howard Zinn Howard Zinn’s argument on the nature of the American War for Independence was the war for independence was not a social revolution. Instead, he argues the colonial elite used the war for their own personal gain in power and status. The wealthy and powerful found a strategy to maintain and even increase their social and political status by leading the war against England and the courtiers associated with England. One of the major concerns during the time surrounding the War for†¦show more content†¦Congress enlisted a small committee to write the Declaration of Independence. The language within the declaration â€Å"†¦was well suited to unite large numbers of colonists, and persuade even those who had grievances against one another to turn against England† (p. 251 para. 1). Many people were left out of the declaration because the main people targeted were white males. The small number of people actually included meant that few people could participate in government, which was nothing close to an actual democracy. The way the Declaration of Independence was wrote meant only about 15 percent of Americans gained full citizenship. In an article published in a 1973 issue of Maryland Historical Magazine, Linda Grant Depauw wrote that the American Revolution was about gaining and protecting the freedoms of white property-owning men – no other races, genders, ages, or social status. The other 80 percent of negroes, servants, women, and minors therefore had no â€Å"inalienable rights† from the Declaration. Besides not having rights, these individuals were unable to vote because they were not of the specified race, gender, or social status. During this time, Howard Zinn shows evidence of wealth equaling power since only property owning, white-males were entitled to inalienable rights and the right to participate in governmental affairs. Gordon S. Wood George S. Wood’s argument on the nature of the American War forShow MoreRelatedHoward Zinn s Views On American Revolution950 Words   |  4 PagesHoward Zinn is a professor of political science in Boston University and Gordon S. Wood is a history professor at Brown University. These two historians viewed the nature of American Revolution from two opposite different perspectives. Zinn viewed the American Revolution as an effort to preserve America’s status; while Wood looked at Revolution as an event that incorporated sense of equality among all Americans. Zinn was able to present the argument better as evidences he provided to support his

Student Loan Consolidation Program And The Borrower

College students who have multiple loans in their names understand the nightmare involved in making the repayments once they finish off their studies. The government also understands the problem and hassle that the students have to face and so programs on student loans consolidation federal has been designed and created. Though student loan consolidation programs were always into existence, they have been simplified and made comfortable in the present day. These programs are designed and created so that students find it easy to manage their income and pay off the debts faster too. It is advisable that the borrower considers some issues before pursuing student loan consolidation. There are different types of loan consolidation programs and†¦show more content†¦Student loans have become essentials for maximum students today as they have to pay a high price for acquiring higher education. Students opt for attaining college education because they get a good education which in t urn helps them get a good job. In addition to this, they have wider network of friends and the broad base of knowledge that they receive helps them lead a beautiful life after that. This is the reason why students opt for student loans without thinking too much. National student loans consolidation programs are typical and can help students get their repayment plan easy and comfortable. Most often one loan is not sufficient to fund education and so students have to take up more loans in order to cope with the expenses. The drawback of having multiple loans in one s name is the challenge to repay them. You have to make several repayments and since all of them are at different terms you have to calculate and keep track of all paperwork. This has to be done every month and even if you have found a job, you will find all this hassling and confusing as well. National student loans consolidation helps roll all your outstanding loans into one single loan and this is done by increasing th e loan repayment period or fixing the loan at lowest possible interest rate. Although there are many benefits of consolidating student loans, you should rethink and calculate whether consolidating your loans isShow MoreRelatedFinding The Lowest Student Loans Consolidation Program1536 Words   |  7 PagesFinding the lowest student loans consolidation program is very important as this will decide your financial future. You should take this process very seriously and find out ways to search for the loan consolidation program that imposes lowest charges and interest rates. This will not only save you a lot of money but also help you lead a better life where you can pay attention to other necessities and luxuries of your life too. 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The Correlation Between The Value Of Time Series Of...

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Addisons Disease

Question: Give a discussion on identification of problem and underlining pathophysiology ? Answer: Abstract Addisons disease is a rare kind of endocrine disease. Serum cortisol and aldosterol levels are reduced. The symptoms may be ignored initially but it gets worsen with time if not treated. Identification of problem and underlining Pathophysiology Addisons disease is an endocrine disease. Patients suffering in Addisons disease have very low secretion of aldosterone and cortisol as a result of adrenal insufficiency. The Pathophysiology of Addisons disease includes nausea, anorexia, hypotension, early fatigability, dizziness, blurred vision and weight loss, Hyperpigmentation in skin and in the high lips. Ms. Beth has 5.4 mEq/L serum potassium levels; therefore she is identified with hyperkalemia (Pearce, 2014). She has the serum sodium concentration of about 129 mEq/L, therefore hyponatremia is occured. Ms. Beth has the blood glucose level of 61 mg/dl; therefore she is in hypoglycemic condition. Patient may suffer in GI disorder with frequent diarrhea and constipation. The BUN level is about 34ml/dl which is really high and it is an indication of kidney damage (Lewis Bendre, 2011). Generally, the symptoms of Addisons disease are ignored but it gets worsen with time. Sudden piercing pain in the abdomen and lower back region is c onsidered as a secondary symptom of the disease. Along with this, she also had the tuberculosis in her case history. Case Synopsis Thomas Addison first identified the clinical features of primary adrenal insufficiency as a potential cause of Addisons disease. In this particular case, a 42 year old woman is identified with various kinds of symptoms which are hyperpigmentation in lips and skin, dizziness, early fatigability, and nausea with recurrent vomiting, constipation and diarrhea, underweight since eight months. Pathophysiology Addisons disease is the caused by primary or chronic adrenal insufficiency. The two main hormonal deficiencies are involved in Addisons disease. Mineralocorticoid deficiency Mineralocorticoids mainly aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsoption and K+ excretion. The decreased secretion of mineralocorticoid is presented as increased excretion of sodium and decreased excretion of potassium principally in urine and additionally in saliva, sweat and GI tract. Low serum concentration of sodium along with high concentration of potassium is identified in Addisons disease. Urinary salt and water loss is also observed in patients affected in Addisons disease. As a consequence, severe dehydatrion is occurred as diagnosed in this particular case. Plasma hypertonicity, acidosis, reduced circulatory volume, hypotension and in due course circulatory collapse may be occurred. Though, adrenal insufficiency is caused by inadequate ACTH secretion in secondary adrenal insufficiency which leads to Addisons disease in some extent. Glucocorticoid Deficiency Hypotension is happened due to glucocortocid (cortsol) deficiency and as a consequence, insulin sensitivity is occurred and this leads to turbulence in fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Because of that, carbohydrate production from the protein in reduced and this leads to hypoglycemia as observed in Ms. Beths Case. Severe muscular weakness and vertigo is observed in patients suffering in Addisons disease due to the impairment of neuromuscular function. In addition to that myocardial insufficiency and dehydration decreases the cardiac output and as a consequence to that circulatory failure is occurred. Low serum cortisol stimulates pituitary ACTH production. This results in melanocyte stimulating activity which is the principal reason of hyperpigmentation in the skin and lips. Autoimmune disorder The Addisons disease in 80% cases is caused by autoimmune disorder. This is most frequently observed in the females of middle ages. In autoimmune issues, the immune system destroys the adrenal glands and due to that primary adrenal insufficiency is happened (Napier Pearce, 2012). Tuberculosis infection Tuberculosis infection can cause severe adrenocortical cell damage which leads to primary adrenal insufficiency. Dr. Thomas Addison in 1984 first identified the tuberculosis as the most familiar cause of the Addisons disease. As reported in this case, the history of tuberculosis is a potential cause behind the Addisons disease. Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis After suspecting the Addisons disease from the initial signs and symptoms, hormonal blood and urine tests are performed (Nascimento, Rodrigues, Espada Fonseca, 2012). These are the following- ACTH stimulation test CRH stimulation test Ultrasound of the abdomen Tuberculin skin test Antibody blood tests Computerized tomography (CT) scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Treatment As , Addisons disease is occurred due to reduced secretion of seum cortisol and aldosterone produced by adrenal glands, the disorder can be treated by external ingestion. Tablets containing synthetic steroid namely Fludrocortisone acetate is taken orally once a day. The dosage should be increased during times of infection, stress, injury or surgery. In Addisonian crisis, injections of salt, fluids, and glucocorticoid hormones should be taken instantly as advised by GP (Pearce, 2014). Nursing action Nursing action includes, the assessment of mucous membranes and skin to detect dehydration and hyperpigmentation, assessment of vital signs like heart rate and blood pressure, weight loss. Blood tests for Na+ and K+ should be done to check the hyponatraemia and hyperkalemia. The nurse should also concern about the diet of patient as because the presence of GI tract functional impairment (Kundu, Bryk Alam, 2014) Routine tests of blood sugar should also done during the treatment period. References list Kundu, S., Bryk, J., Alam, A. (2014). Resolution of Suicidal Ideation With Corticosteroids in a Patient With Concurrent Addisons Disease and Depression. The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders. Lewis, K., Bendre, S. (2011). An 18-Year-Old Male Newly Diagnosed With Addison's Disease That Masked Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal Of Pediatric Nursing, 26(3), 276-277. Pearce, S. (2014). Curing Addison's disease. EJEA. Napier, C., Pearce, S. (2012). Autoimmune Addison's disease. La Presse Mdicale, 41(12), e626-e635. Nascimento, M., Rodrigues, N., Espada, F., Fonseca, M. (2012). Adrenoleukodystrophy: a forgotten diagnosis in children with primary Addison's disease. Case Reports, 2012(aug21 1), bcr2012006308-bcr2012006308. Napier, C., Pearce, S. (2012). Autoimmune Addison's disease. La Presse Mdicale, 41(12), e626-e635. Nascimento, M., Rodrigues, N., Espada, F., Fonseca, M. (2012). Adrenoleukodystrophy: a forgotten diagnosis in children with primary Addison's disease. Case Reports, 2012(aug21 1), bcr2012006308-bcr2012006308. Pearce, S. (2014). Curing Addison's disease. EJEA. doi:10.1530/endoabs.36.s2.2