Student Loan Consolidation Program And The Borrower

College students who have multiple loans in their names understand the nightmare involved in making the repayments once they finish off their studies. The government also understands the problem and hassle that the students have to face and so programs on student loans consolidation federal has been designed and created. Though student loan consolidation programs were always into existence, they have been simplified and made comfortable in the present day. These programs are designed and created so that students find it easy to manage their income and pay off the debts faster too. It is advisable that the borrower considers some issues before pursuing student loan consolidation. There are different types of loan consolidation programs and†¦show more content†¦Student loans have become essentials for maximum students today as they have to pay a high price for acquiring higher education. Students opt for attaining college education because they get a good education which in t urn helps them get a good job. In addition to this, they have wider network of friends and the broad base of knowledge that they receive helps them lead a beautiful life after that. This is the reason why students opt for student loans without thinking too much. National student loans consolidation programs are typical and can help students get their repayment plan easy and comfortable. Most often one loan is not sufficient to fund education and so students have to take up more loans in order to cope with the expenses. The drawback of having multiple loans in one s name is the challenge to repay them. You have to make several repayments and since all of them are at different terms you have to calculate and keep track of all paperwork. This has to be done every month and even if you have found a job, you will find all this hassling and confusing as well. National student loans consolidation helps roll all your outstanding loans into one single loan and this is done by increasing th e loan repayment period or fixing the loan at lowest possible interest rate. Although there are many benefits of consolidating student loans, you should rethink and calculate whether consolidating your loans isShow MoreRelatedFinding The Lowest Student Loans Consolidation Program1536 Words   |  7 PagesFinding the lowest student loans consolidation program is very important as this will decide your financial future. You should take this process very seriously and find out ways to search for the loan consolidation program that imposes lowest charges and interest rates. This will not only save you a lot of money but also help you lead a better life where you can pay attention to other necessities and luxuries of your life too. 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The Correlation Between The Value Of Time Series Of...

Autocorrelation Autocorrelation is defined as the correlation between the value of time series at a specific time and previous values of the same series (Reference). In other words, with time series what happens in time t contains information about what will happen at time t+1. Autocorrelation plots are a commonly-used tool for checking randomness in a data set. This randomness is ascertained by computing autocorrelations for data values at varying time lags. If random, such autocorrelations should be near zero for any and all time-lag separations. If non-random, then one or more of the autocorrelations will be significantly non-zero. The autocorrelation plots can provide answers to questions such as are the data random? Is an observation related to an adjacent observation? Is the observed time series white noise, sinusoidal or autoregressive? They help in understanding the underlying relationship between the data points. The autocorrelation plots of 4 time series of heating operating system are as follows : a. Supply temperature setpoint :- The plot starts with a high correlation at lag 1 which is slightly less than 1 and slowly declines. It continues to decrease until it becomes negative and starts showing an increasing negative correlation. The decreasing autocorrelation is generally linear with little noise. Such a pattern in the autocorrelation plot is a signature of â€Å"strong autocorrelation†, which in turn provides high predictability if modeled properly. b. SystemShow MoreRelatedForeign Exchange Hedging Strategies at General Motors2786 Words   |  12 Pagescan have a material impact protect the balance sheet or the PL? Should accounting on a company’s bottom line. As such, it is important that results be prioritised over cash flow impacts? What is the a system is in place which allows the performance of the relevant time horizon? 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Addisons Disease

Question: Give a discussion on identification of problem and underlining pathophysiology ? Answer: Abstract Addisons disease is a rare kind of endocrine disease. Serum cortisol and aldosterol levels are reduced. The symptoms may be ignored initially but it gets worsen with time if not treated. Identification of problem and underlining Pathophysiology Addisons disease is an endocrine disease. Patients suffering in Addisons disease have very low secretion of aldosterone and cortisol as a result of adrenal insufficiency. The Pathophysiology of Addisons disease includes nausea, anorexia, hypotension, early fatigability, dizziness, blurred vision and weight loss, Hyperpigmentation in skin and in the high lips. Ms. Beth has 5.4 mEq/L serum potassium levels; therefore she is identified with hyperkalemia (Pearce, 2014). She has the serum sodium concentration of about 129 mEq/L, therefore hyponatremia is occured. Ms. Beth has the blood glucose level of 61 mg/dl; therefore she is in hypoglycemic condition. Patient may suffer in GI disorder with frequent diarrhea and constipation. The BUN level is about 34ml/dl which is really high and it is an indication of kidney damage (Lewis Bendre, 2011). Generally, the symptoms of Addisons disease are ignored but it gets worsen with time. Sudden piercing pain in the abdomen and lower back region is c onsidered as a secondary symptom of the disease. Along with this, she also had the tuberculosis in her case history. Case Synopsis Thomas Addison first identified the clinical features of primary adrenal insufficiency as a potential cause of Addisons disease. In this particular case, a 42 year old woman is identified with various kinds of symptoms which are hyperpigmentation in lips and skin, dizziness, early fatigability, and nausea with recurrent vomiting, constipation and diarrhea, underweight since eight months. Pathophysiology Addisons disease is the caused by primary or chronic adrenal insufficiency. The two main hormonal deficiencies are involved in Addisons disease. Mineralocorticoid deficiency Mineralocorticoids mainly aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsoption and K+ excretion. The decreased secretion of mineralocorticoid is presented as increased excretion of sodium and decreased excretion of potassium principally in urine and additionally in saliva, sweat and GI tract. Low serum concentration of sodium along with high concentration of potassium is identified in Addisons disease. Urinary salt and water loss is also observed in patients affected in Addisons disease. As a consequence, severe dehydatrion is occurred as diagnosed in this particular case. Plasma hypertonicity, acidosis, reduced circulatory volume, hypotension and in due course circulatory collapse may be occurred. Though, adrenal insufficiency is caused by inadequate ACTH secretion in secondary adrenal insufficiency which leads to Addisons disease in some extent. Glucocorticoid Deficiency Hypotension is happened due to glucocortocid (cortsol) deficiency and as a consequence, insulin sensitivity is occurred and this leads to turbulence in fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Because of that, carbohydrate production from the protein in reduced and this leads to hypoglycemia as observed in Ms. Beths Case. Severe muscular weakness and vertigo is observed in patients suffering in Addisons disease due to the impairment of neuromuscular function. In addition to that myocardial insufficiency and dehydration decreases the cardiac output and as a consequence to that circulatory failure is occurred. Low serum cortisol stimulates pituitary ACTH production. This results in melanocyte stimulating activity which is the principal reason of hyperpigmentation in the skin and lips. Autoimmune disorder The Addisons disease in 80% cases is caused by autoimmune disorder. This is most frequently observed in the females of middle ages. In autoimmune issues, the immune system destroys the adrenal glands and due to that primary adrenal insufficiency is happened (Napier Pearce, 2012). Tuberculosis infection Tuberculosis infection can cause severe adrenocortical cell damage which leads to primary adrenal insufficiency. Dr. Thomas Addison in 1984 first identified the tuberculosis as the most familiar cause of the Addisons disease. As reported in this case, the history of tuberculosis is a potential cause behind the Addisons disease. Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis After suspecting the Addisons disease from the initial signs and symptoms, hormonal blood and urine tests are performed (Nascimento, Rodrigues, Espada Fonseca, 2012). These are the following- ACTH stimulation test CRH stimulation test Ultrasound of the abdomen Tuberculin skin test Antibody blood tests Computerized tomography (CT) scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Treatment As , Addisons disease is occurred due to reduced secretion of seum cortisol and aldosterone produced by adrenal glands, the disorder can be treated by external ingestion. Tablets containing synthetic steroid namely Fludrocortisone acetate is taken orally once a day. The dosage should be increased during times of infection, stress, injury or surgery. In Addisonian crisis, injections of salt, fluids, and glucocorticoid hormones should be taken instantly as advised by GP (Pearce, 2014). Nursing action Nursing action includes, the assessment of mucous membranes and skin to detect dehydration and hyperpigmentation, assessment of vital signs like heart rate and blood pressure, weight loss. Blood tests for Na+ and K+ should be done to check the hyponatraemia and hyperkalemia. The nurse should also concern about the diet of patient as because the presence of GI tract functional impairment (Kundu, Bryk Alam, 2014) Routine tests of blood sugar should also done during the treatment period. References list Kundu, S., Bryk, J., Alam, A. (2014). Resolution of Suicidal Ideation With Corticosteroids in a Patient With Concurrent Addisons Disease and Depression. The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders. Lewis, K., Bendre, S. (2011). An 18-Year-Old Male Newly Diagnosed With Addison's Disease That Masked Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal Of Pediatric Nursing, 26(3), 276-277. Pearce, S. (2014). Curing Addison's disease. EJEA. Napier, C., Pearce, S. (2012). Autoimmune Addison's disease. La Presse Mdicale, 41(12), e626-e635. Nascimento, M., Rodrigues, N., Espada, F., Fonseca, M. (2012). Adrenoleukodystrophy: a forgotten diagnosis in children with primary Addison's disease. Case Reports, 2012(aug21 1), bcr2012006308-bcr2012006308. Napier, C., Pearce, S. (2012). Autoimmune Addison's disease. La Presse Mdicale, 41(12), e626-e635. Nascimento, M., Rodrigues, N., Espada, F., Fonseca, M. (2012). Adrenoleukodystrophy: a forgotten diagnosis in children with primary Addison's disease. Case Reports, 2012(aug21 1), bcr2012006308-bcr2012006308. Pearce, S. (2014). Curing Addison's disease. EJEA. doi:10.1530/endoabs.36.s2.2

Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry Research Paper Example

Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry Paper Hospitality is a term used for referring the cordial, generous and friendly reception of the guests or strangers in a hotel or food service industries such as restaurants, cafe , bar and other such type of establishments. The term hospitality industry is usually defined by its output of products, which satisfy the needs, and demands of the guests who visit these types of establishments. These establishments provide food, accommodation and drinking facilities to the guests. The different star category hotels provide different services to the guests as per the star categorisation. There are three classes of professional cookery associated with the craftsman and they are graded according to the quality of the materials used. These classes are Cuisine simple or plain cookery, Cuisine Bourgeois of middle class cookery, and Cuisine Haute or high class cookery. In Indian cuisine, there are two classes: simple and high class. Simple cookery is confined to the preparation of the everyday practical type of dishes. And the high class cookery has a wide range of variety. Where expensive materials are used to prepare complicated and elaborate dishes. France has a long culinary tradition. French cuisine now a day is a result of centuries of research, elaboration and perfection. The French are proud of their cuisine. It is an integral part of their culture. It is the interest of French for good food. The chefs have always been encouraged to elaborate new dishes to satisfy the most discriminating palate. The French chefs introduced new dishes and sophisticated techniques that they adapted to French products. Georges Auguste Escoffier was the great chef of this century. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer French cuisine is sophisticated, varied, well balanced and based on local and high-quality products. French cooking involves a large number of techniques, some extremely complicated, that serve as basics. Not only do basic cooking techniques require great skill, but they also demand a deep understanding of the ingredients themselves. Just as the vintner knows that the finest Bordeaux comes from the grapes grown on that side of the hill and not this, so too the chef knows not only from which region come the finest petits pois (small, young green peas), but from which town. Many foods are known by the town that made them famous, such as Pessac for strawberries, the peas of Saint-Germaine, Macau artichokes, the Charolais steer, butter of Isigny. Like any art form, the foundation of Indian cooking is based on technique. There is a body of knowledge about the food itself the vegetables, the spices, the herbs, the curries but this information is meaningless unless applied with sensitivity. Over the length and breadth of India, in the different homes in India, of the rich and the poor, one comes across a wide range of flavours, styles and tastes. Many styles of cooking seen in different parts of the world can also be found in one or the other part of India. In India one sees society, culture, language, food and people change dramatically as one goes from North to South or East to West. With the entry of Europeans into India, many exotic ingredients entered the Indian kitchen. Potatoes, chillies, tomatoes and cheeses came into India and were used generously. Jams, jellies, yeast raised breads, pastries and casseroles were prepared with hints of Indian spices. Chillies, potatoes and tomatoes found much love in India and have become staples of the Indian kitchen. The French cuisine has a great influence on the Indian hospitality industry in the way of the service of the dishes to the guests. The French cuisine was having 17, 15 and 13 course menus. This has now a day reduced to only 4 to 5 courses. Now a day these 13 courses are reduced to 4 or 5 courses but a strict menu planning rules are followed while planning any meal based on the French course. In India only a thali system was prevalent in most of the restaurant or there habit of taking only one main dish and with it roties or parathas or chapaties or rice as the wish of the guests at a time as a whole meal with limited accompaniments such as pickle, papad and chatani. But today in most of the well known restaurants or in restaurants of star hotels the lunch or dinner starts by hors d oeuvres followed by soup, main course, salad, cheese, and finally dessert. And different courses have different accompaniments. In French cuisine great emphasis is laid on the presentation of the dishes and garnishes and accompaniments, which makes the dish colourful. The menu is word originally relate to the French cuisine is now adopted by the Indian cuisine. Traditionally there are 2 types of preparing a menu card those are table d hote and a la carte. The menu card is now prepared in such a way which is based on the table d hote style and providing sufficient number of dishes to choose by the guests as it is in the a al carte menu planning. The French cuisine has given the table set-up to the Indian hospitality industry, which was not part of the traditional Indian hospitality. The spoons and fork are the gift of the French cuisine to the Indian hospitality industry. Today most type of restaurants are keen to serve the guests in the most appropriate manner. The type of serving is getting deeper and deeper in the Indian hospitality industry. It has become the prominent thing where the food and beverage managers give their most attention. The French cuisine has given the Indian cuisine the wine and champagne. These are the gifts of the French cuisine to the Indian hospitality industry. In French cuisine wine is used for cooking to enhance the taste and to give an unusual flavour and this is a unique feature of the French cuisine. There is an appropriate wine for preparing each dish. And also there is an appropriate wine to be served with each course as an accompaniment. Grape aperitifs, which are drunk before the meal and not between meal and digestifs, are drunk after the meal is over. The dry rose wine is a best accompaniment of the starter course. Like this there are different wines, which accompany different courses. In India also the production of wine and champagne has been started but the quantity and quality of the production is not comparable to the wine and champagne produced in the France. As well as the French cuisine has given different types of cocktails and mocktails to the Indian hospitality industry. The French cuisine has some distinctive spices and herbs, which gives a unique flavour, taste and originality to the dishes. Some of these are parsley, celery, basil, tarragon, thyme, rosemary, chives, shallots, allspice, bayleaf, paprika, pepper, nutmeg etc. Some of these spices and herbs are produced in India and some of them are imported for making their use in the food preparation. Asparagus, artichokes, carrots, turnips, aubergines, broccoli, swedem, seakale, cardoon, brussels, sprouts, topinambow, mushrooms etc are some of the continental vegetables, which are used, in the French cuisine. Some of these are grown here and the remaining are imported for the use in the kitchen. The different types of cuts of vegetables, meat, poultry and fish are influenced the Indian cuisine which are basically from the French cuisine. Cheese is also a gift of the French cuisine to the Indian hospitality industry. Cheese in the French cuisine used for base of the dish, garnish to soups, blended with sauces or grated and sprinkled on top of the dishes and gratinated. And also as a part of the 13 course menu. Cheese now a day also used in the preparation Indian dishes. But the use of cheese as a part of course has not yet started in the restaurants where French cuisine is served. Butter, olive oil or salad oil is also used in Indian dishes as a cooking medium, which are basically the French cooking medium. As the cheese: sandwich, pastries and pastas are also came from the French cuisine to the Indian cuisine. The French cuisine also has an influence on the Indian hospitality industry in the way the modern day marriage functions, birthday parties and other different functions arrangement is concern. In most of the functions welcome drink is served to the guests then the starters then the soup then the main course and at the end it is the dessert, which is served to the guests. The sitting banquet parties, room service, hospital service and buffet service in India are the influence of the French cuisine on the Indian hospitality industry. In conclusion I would like to mention here that as the days are passing by and because of the need of satisfying the foreign travellers in India as well as the changing eating habits of the Indian population the French cuisine is facing too many changes in the form of preparing the French dishes with Indian herbs and spices in India without damaging the classical value of each dish as the chef Raji Jallepalli who is preparing a Franco-Indian dishes which are popular in her Memphis based restaurant. As well as the Indian cuisine is also changing its look and appearance in the form of garnishing and accompaniments served with Indian dishes based on the French cuisine. In India also the chefs are changing the flavour of the French dishes to suite the taste of the Indian guests. The influence of the French cuisine on the type of service is influencing the other service sectors in India. The French empire has a great influence on Indian city Pondicherry because they ruled on this city for more than 100 years and because of which this city can be called as a city of France, which is situated in India.

UNEMPLYMENT AND INFLATION essays

UNEMPLYMENT AND INFLATION essays In this report I will illustrate how unemployment and inflation in the UK has changed since 1980 to the present day. I will also analyse the Governments current strategies for dealing with inflation and unemployment. Unemployment is when people are joblessness. The measure of unemployment is the number of jobless people who are available for work and are actively seeking jobs. There is a waste of scare economic goods when there is unemployment and this reduces the long run growth potential of the economy. When there is high unemployment, the economy is producing within its production possibility frontier. However if there is a reduction in unemployment, the total national output can increase leading to an improvement in economic welfare. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) publishes two unemployment rate measures. There is the rate based on the claimant count, which includes all those who are unemployed and actually claiming benefit from Jobseekers Allowance; and the Government's preferred International Labour Organisation total, which includes people not eligible for benefit. The following diagram uses the claimant count to see how many people are unemployed between 1992-1999. Long-term unemployment occurs when workers fail to find employment after 6 months and the long term claimant count above shows that unemployment was at its highest in the UK at the end of 1994 at around 39%. Unemployment fluctuated at around 9% in the late 1980s, and then dropped to a low count of 6%. During the recession of the early 90s, the jobless rate shot up again, to 8%, but has been falling ever since The number of people claiming jobless benefits fell last month, decreasing by 3,300 to 926,900 to reach it lowest since 1980 as the U.K jobs market remained firm. However since June 2003, unemployment has risen by 12,000 to 1.48 million, keeping the jobless rate at 5%, also the manufacturing industries has lost 121,000 jobs since ...

How Word Order Affects Spanish Adjectives

How Word Order Affects Spanish Adjectives Put an adjective before a noun or after the noun in Spanish, and usually it makes only a subtle difference, if any, in the meaning. But there are some cases where the placement of the adjective makes significant enough of a difference that we would translate it differently in English. For an example, take the following two sentences: Tengo un viejo amigo. Tengo un amigo viejo. A safe translation of these two sentences would be fairly easy to come up with: I have an old friend. But what does that mean? Does it mean that my friend is elderly? Or does it mean that the person has been a friend for a long time? Word Order Can Remove Ambiguity It may surprise you to find out that in Spanish the sentences arent so ambiguous, for viejo can be understood differently depending on where it is in relation to the noun that is described. Word order does make a difference. In this case, tengo un viejo amigo typically means I have a longtime friend, and tengo un amigo viejo typically means I have an elderly friend. Similarly, someone who has been a dentist for a long time is un viejo dentista, but a dentist who is old is un dentista viejo. Of course it is possible to be both - but in that case the word order will indicate what youre emphasizing. Viejo is far from the only adjective that functions that way, although the distinctions arent nearly always as strong as they are with viejo. Here are examples of some of the more common such adjectives. Context still matters, so you shouldnt consider the meanings to always be consistent with whats listed here, but these are guidelines to pay attention to: antiguo: la antigua silla, the old-fashioned chair; la silla antigua, the antique chairgrande: un gran hombre, a great man; un hombre grande, a big manmedio: una media galleta, half a cookie; una galleta media, an average-size or medium-size cookiemismo: el mismo atleta, the same athlete; el atleta mismo, the athlete himselfnuevo: el nuevo libro, the brand-new book, the newly acquired book; el libro nuevo, the newly made bookpobre: esa pobre mujer, that poor woman (in the sense of being pitiful); esa mujer pobre, that woman who is poorpropio: mis propios zapatos, my own shoes; mis zapatos propios, my appropriate shoessolo: un solo hombre, only one man; un hombre solo, a lonely mantriste: un triste viaje, a dreadful trip; un viaje triste, a sad tripà ºnico: la à ºnica estudiante, the only student; la estudiante à ºnica, the unique studentvaliente: una valiente persona, a great person (this is often used ironically); una persona valiente (a brave person) You may notice a pattern above: When placed after a noun, the adjective tends to add a somewhat objective meaning, while placed before it often provides an emotional or subjective meaning. These meanings arent always hard and fast and can depend to a certain extent on context. For example, antigua silla might also refer to a well-used chair or a chair with a long history. Some of the words also have other meanings; solo, for example, can also mean alone. And in some cases, as with nuevo, placement can also be a matter of emphasis rather than simply of meaning. But this list does provide a guide that should be useful in helping determine the meaning of some double-meaning adjectives. Sample Sentences and Placement of Adjectives El nuevo telà ©fono de Apple tiene una precio de entrada de US$999. (Apples brand-new phone has an entry price of $999 U.S. Nuevo here adds an element of emotion, suggesting that the phone offers desirable new features or is something otherwise fresh or innovative.) Siga las instrucciones para conectar el telà ©fono nuevo. (Follow the instructions in order to connect the new phone. Nuevo says only that the phone was recently purchased.) El mundo sabe que Venezuela hoy es un pobre paà ­s rico. (The world knows that Venezuela today is a poor rich country. Pobre suggests in part that Venezuela is poor in spirit despite the riches at its disposal. El economista chino dice que China ya no es un paà ­s pobre, aunque tenga millones de personas que viven en la pobreza. (The Chinese economist says that China still isnt a poor country, although its has millions of people living in poverty. Pobre here likely refers only to financial wealth.)

International Business Case #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Case #3 - Essay Example According to the video, there is a high demand for clothing. There are a good number of stores dealing with clothes. Hence, one has to establish whether there is demand for the company’s product in that market (â€Å"The Schildergasse in Cologne†). From the video, it is established that the rent for store within that area is high. This affects the returns of the business established. Analysis of the business environment will help to establish where it is viable to set up a business premises in the area. There are different kinds of consumer in that region. A section of the consumers take into consideration the price of the products. Another section does not put much interest into the price as they do to the product. Hence, a producer can be able to know which product to introduce and their pricing (â€Å"The Schildergasse in Cologne†). It can be established that a big section of the population prefer to buy popular brand and from stores with a popular name. Hence, it is important to analyze the competitors to see how to go into the market, and which is the best site to be located. For a company to be able to penetrate the international market, they have to be able to identify the opportunities or gaps and be able to fill them. From the video, several gaps can be identified. From the respondents, it can be seen that there is information asymmetry. An investor capitalizes on the opening and introduces the same product at a more appealing price. The investor will be able to tap the consumers who do not have full market information on the products. It can also be established that most of the clients choose to shop in stores with popular and established names and brands. This provides an opportunity for chain stores with an established name and brand to penetrate them market. It emerges that there is a section of the consumer who do not factor the cost of the product. This creates an opportunity for companies with high-end products to

Philosphy of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosphy of God - Essay Example Inner growth is possible only through spirituality. Philosophers like Socrates were aware of it and said that human beings must make sincere efforts for such growth and experience the divine. Socrates (469-399) was a great intellectual, who constantly knocked at the portals of spirituality, but struck up at the final frontiers of the mind. He was an individual who cared for the bodily equipment, knew that a healthy body is one of the prime requirement for spiritual pursuits. Jesus arrived on this Planet Earth, as a Realized Soul. He raveled in the state of bliss always; rather it was his permanent nature. To him, spirituality and science were one and the same. At that level, one is the knower of everything, conqueror of the time concept; Jesus arrived as the conqueror of the forces of nature, for a predetermined assignment prescribed for him by God. Socrates and Jesus are incomparable. This is however, not to belittle the intellectual greatness of Socrates. But intelligence of a thousand individuals like Socrates is not march for a spark from the Spiritual Being whose secular name was Jesus! Yet they are similar in the sense that Socrates and his teachings were part of the same divinity and he was trying to reach the same goal as declared by Jesus. The only option with the mind-level intellectuals is to surrender at the barrier of the mind and make profound efforts to transcend it and Socrates did the same but in his own style and understanding. With sincere efforts the grace of divinity it is possible, not otherwise and Socrates knew

Raina Petkoff and her Cover-up Essay Example for Free

Raina Petkoff and her Cover-up Essay Bernard Shaws works make us doubt principles and ideals, which we accepted without a question. The economic status of the Petkoffs is one of wealth, and the fact that they are rich makes us think of a well-mannered and educated family, especially the young girl. The young girl should give us a sense of nobility and in fact she does in this story. The young girl in Arms and the Man gives us the impression that she is an ideal daughter, lover and citizen. But is she really? This girl tries to portray this stereotypical personality but proves not to be quite the noble girl she plays. At a certain point she sees herself in a very compromising position and is forced to change. As the play begins and we start getting to know this girl, Raina Petkoff we start noticing that she is a bit vain. The stage directions go as follows: On the balcony a young lady, intensely conscious of the romantic beauty of the night, and of the fact that her own youth and beauty are part of it (1561). This excerpt takes away some of the innocence she portrays in a subtle way. The next deception comes when the Swiss enters through the window; instead of screaming for help she decides to help him hide. She even lies to the Bulgarian officer who is looking for the Swiss, betraying her own country. Raina and the Swiss get to know each other a little, and with his experience he can see right through her. He instantly discovered the superficial coating over a very rough interior. The mother, Catherine, proves to be the same when she abandons her patriotism and loyalty and helps the Serb officer to hide and even escape the next morning. Like father, like son they say. But the biggest surprise comes when the Swiss or Serbian officer or Bluntschli blows Rainas cover. Raina is outraged or pretends to be when Bluntschli throws the truth at her face. He calls her a liar and insists on it. She gets furious at first, but gives in when she realizes shes got no way out. Her reaction is: I! I!!!How did you find me out? (1591). And here she confesses that the noble attitude and the thrilling voice is just a cover-up. This is Rainas turning point. We could say that at this point she went from being a girl to being a woman; at this point she matured. Another important fact to my case is the picture of herself she left in the jacket for Bluntschli to find, and the message it contained. My chocolate cream soldier (1603) is the name Raina gives Bluntschli in the dedication of the picture. This title given to Bluntschli suggests some type of affection that at this point is obvious but if the audience had learned of it as it happened chronologically it would be very shocking. After the turning point described above, Raina becomes a more outgoing and sincere person. She describes her own cover-up personality as a noble attitude and thrilling voice (1591) to Bluntschli. Raina also says Bluntschli is the first person that didnt take her fake personality seriously. She confesses to the point that she mocks the people who believe her noble self by saying: I did it when I was a child to my nurse. She believed in it. I do it before my parents. They believe in it. I do it before Sergius. He believes in it (1591). That incident of calling her a liar made Raina mature. It was a turning point in the life of this character and in the plot of Arms and the Man. Bernard Shaw uses his comedies to criticize many ideals by mocking them. In the case of Arms and the Man he takes the nobility of a wealthy, respected family and destroys it by mocking many of its aspects. In this essay I analyze how Shaw takes the view of innocence of a young, noble, rich girl and changes it to make it crude reality, he makes the Petkoffs look like common people with very little nobility. Works Cited Shaw, George Bernard. Arms and the Man. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. Ed. Robert DiYanni. 5th Ed. New York: McGraw, 2002. 1561-1604.

Utopia, 1984 Comparison :: essays research papers fc

Research Paper: Love in Utopia, Brave New World and 1984 Love is without a doubt one of the most powerful emotions in the world. Most people in the world who have experienced this emotion know that with love, almost anything is possible.  ¡Ã‚ §When in Love, the greater is his/her capacity for suffering, or anything else in that matter ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Miguel de Unamuno, The Tragic Sense of Life). The governments in both Brave New World and 1984 understand that eliminating love and loyalty is important in their continual process of domination over their societies. In Sir Thomas More ¡Ã‚ ¦s Utopia, his Utopian society understands the importance of love and loyalty. There is a huge contrast between the way love is treated in Utopia, and Brave New World & 1984. In both Brave New World and 1984, the governments have replaced love and loyalty, with suspicion and hatred, while in Utopia it is treasured. In the novel 1984, many examples are provided as to how the Inner Party manages to manipulate the public into scorning emotions, love and loyalty. Suspicion and hatred are the main two feelings that replace love and loyalty, in the society of 1984.  ¡Ã‚ §The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, a look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Orwell, 65). This example shows the unfortunate replacement of loyalty with fear and suspicion of everyone in 1984.  ¡Ã‚ §It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place, or near a telescreen ¡Ã‚ ¨ (65). Suspicion is a dominant feeling felt by almost all the members of the Outer Party in 1984. For example, when Winston met Julia for the first time, his immediate thoughts were;  ¡Ã‚ §She must be with the thought police ¡Ã‚ ¨ (45). The society of 1984 is a total nightmare, in which everyone is suspicious of everyone and very little loyalty exists. An example of betrayal in the novel occurs when Winston entrusts his secretive relationship with Mr. Charrington. Then, Mr. Charrington turns around and betrays Winston, by turning out to be a member of the notorious thought police!  ¡Ã‚ §It occurred to Winston that for the first time in his life, he was looking, with knowledge, at a member of the thought police ¡Ã‚ ¨ (234). Love in 1984 does not exist and has been eradicated because the inner party knows that it is dangerous. Feelings towards other human beings can sometimes compel us to do things that we would not normally do.

Bottle

I'm a column shape water bottle with a greenish colour of cap and birth label on my transparent colour and wale pattern body. The label state all the information of mine which including my weight with 350ml, my organ and blood system in the ingredient part, place of birth at Melaka, Malaysia and of course my identity which people used to called it barcode and obtain me by scan on it. I was sent to a shop named seven- eleven with siblings when 2-weeks-old but this was where the tragedy happened. It's at the moonlight night, a night people used to have their sweet dream on the lovely ed.Unluckily, I was an inconspicuous bottle who loitering and crying on the lonely slopes street because of a drunken old man who obtain me and ‘suck in' all the blood in my body to sober up his brain. My body is now rubbing to the road and play a sweet symphony. This short Journey is like fast and furious 5 in the scene but I'm act to dodge the big stone and deep hole instead of car. The rubbing mak es me feel some stabbing pain which in the affordable range. But the most broken-hearted is my skin has been scratching by rubbing and become full of scratches. The cool but lustery weather makes me hard to stop myself on the street.I had no idea how to stop and felt forlornness to this situation because I might be obliged stuck somewhere on the street for whole life. The wind presumptuous indecent me and forced me to loiter along the street. Finally I stopped on the street near the drain since a huge tire block my way. I look around but there were no people or even a cat in my sight at this lonely night. I scream and shout with heartbreaks to the old man to pick me up or bring me home thus I won't stick at there forever. He couldn't hear me and went away afterword. I felt sleepy after this entire thrilling Journey. I was awakened by the ear-piercing horn.The glare and dazzle sun makes me couldn't open my eyes and suddenly I hear ‘Pi Pi Piak Piak sound. I felt unbearable pain from my body and soul since an old truck filled with waste mercilessly run over me without any warning and alert. But I was also unable to do anything even it gave me a whisper horn. When I was feeling the unbearable pain, a limousine as quickly as lighting run over me and left me a wisp of smelly grey smoke. The vehicles on the road treat me like an ant that keep run over me continuously and I was drifted by hem from where to where since I couldn't remember where I am.I thought my miserable wandering life would bring me to heaven but it stopped after few hours. I opened my eyes and realized that I was stuck by an old towering tree because the old roots locked me firmly. In this sad moment, I remember and missed my siblings, missed the days we chatting together happily. I think they might be sent back to the place we birth to refill the blood now, they might be missed me also. I remember that the place I birth was very clean and the air was fresh. Unlike the street and this tree whi ch full of dust.The days I stuck by the old tree, originally didn't had any wind or rain but there were people who forced to help me take bath by pee at me. Sometimes, there would be people who drunk and vomit to me. I couldn't did anything even I didn't like it. So, I learned to be optimism, treat that like bathing. But days by days, I became smelly, estimated mildew. I started to talk and pray to god, hope that any scavengers would pity me and pick me up. I did it every day and didn't give up this small hope. In the leisure time, I would always look around, I always imagined leaving here and backing home.One day, I hear â€Å"nah grandpa, here is nother empty cans†, I look up and saw an old scavenger holding a little girl. He was dragging a big plastic bad which full of recycle items. I was so enw and desperate to go in that plastic bag, this was the only chance I could go back to recycle station and sent back to home. I keep scream and shout, moving my body even these was useless since the old scavenger couldn't hear and saw what I did to him. After they passed by me, I was totally give up and forlornness again†¦ But, there was always a ‘but' in life journey which could change your life, so, Just think of the bright sight of the life.The little girl like sensed me and look back, she saw me and came towards me to pick me up. I was so sincere thanks to the little girl since she save my life. After that, I follow them to back to their home, the little took me out from the plastic bag and help me to wash my smelly and dirty body. She cut me into half after that and used me as flower pot to plant her flower. I didn't felt any remorse since she save my life, she keep watering the flower which I used to plant and talking to it every day. I felt that this might be another type of lifestyle for me. I was enjoyed and happy.

Nike Inc

Kim Ford, the portfolio manager, outstanding performance of the fund. In order to evaluate Nikkei as a viable choice, Kim has to calculate the cost of capital for the company and make sure assumptions are a direct function from the estimates. The cost of capital calculation or WAC helps to see if an investment is worthwhile to undertake. However, the assumptions made to calculate WAC, in this case, are the underlying problem because some of the assumptions made are incorrect. Analysis Nikkei held a meeting to discuss company performance at 2011 end of fiscal year.In the meeting, management discussed their strategy to improve revenues and net income by developing more athletic shoe products in the misplaced segment of selling shoes at $70-$90 a pair. The company also planned to increase sales for its apparel line, which it had performed really well lately. Management was also concern in the drop of market share from 48%, in 1997, to 42% in 2000. Nikkei was also committed to make an ef fort in controlling company expenses more diligently. Yet, Nine's investment value was not clear to Kim Ford. Analysts' reports had mixed recommendations about the value of the company.Some analysts were recommending buying the stock and some others were recommending holding the stock. Different recommendations were based on the company's declining performance and the proposed strategies to improve the same. Weakening revenues and net income since 1997 are displayed in their firm's consolidated statement showing an improvement in the later years as well. Therefore, Ford had to run her own calculations. Kim Ford performed a discounted cash flow forecast that resulted in a 12% discount rate with an overvalued estimate for Nikkei at the current share price.Ford also performed a quick sensitivity analysis that showed Nikkei was undervalued. Ford figured the best way to make a choice about Nikkei is by calculating the cost of capital cause Nikkei is financed through equity and debt. Ford asked her assistant, Johanna Cohen, to estimate Nine's cost of capital. WAC is the cost of capital for a firm as a whole and can be interpreted as the required return on the overall firm (Ross, Westfield & Jordan, 2010). Some of the assumptions made by Johanna Cohen in calculating the cost of capital are incorrect.As stated before, the correct assumptions are necessary in order to make the right choice. Johanna used the book values for equity and debt. While book values are acceptable values for debt at times, book values for equity are not. Book values may be important from an accounting point of view but market values are forward looking. Therefore, Johanna should have calculated the equity market value. The debt market value calculated by Johanna is also slightly incorrect. Johanna did not include Redeemable Preferred Stock in her calculation.Consequently, Cone's To figure out the cost of equity Johanna used CAMP, a widely used method. CAMP tells what to expect in regards to fut ure returns on a share of stock. Johanna did right by using this method; however, her calculations include an average for six years on Betas and it should be an average for five years, since the 6th year is not finished. In addition, the 5. 74% rate on 20- year treasury bonds is sufficient to use as the risk-free rate. The geometric mean for current equity risk premiums is more representative to use.Under the cost of debt calculation, Johanna missed a simpler way to calculate the cost of debt. â€Å"The cost of debt is simply the interest rate the firm must pay on new borrowing. For example, if the firm already has bonds outstanding, then the yield to maturity on those bonds is the market required rate on the firm's debt† (Ross et al, 2010). Johanna could have simply calculated the YET on Nine's bonds. Since some of Cone's assumptions are incorrect, the cost of capital calculation does not reflect an accurate result. Nike Inc Kim Ford, the portfolio manager, outstanding performance of the fund. In order to evaluate Nikkei as a viable choice, Kim has to calculate the cost of capital for the company and make sure assumptions are a direct function from the estimates. The cost of capital calculation or WAC helps to see if an investment is worthwhile to undertake. However, the assumptions made to calculate WAC, in this case, are the underlying problem because some of the assumptions made are incorrect. Analysis Nikkei held a meeting to discuss company performance at 2011 end of fiscal year.In the meeting, management discussed their strategy to improve revenues and net income by developing more athletic shoe products in the misplaced segment of selling shoes at $70-$90 a pair. The company also planned to increase sales for its apparel line, which it had performed really well lately. Management was also concern in the drop of market share from 48%, in 1997, to 42% in 2000. Nikkei was also committed to make an ef fort in controlling company expenses more diligently. Yet, Nine's investment value was not clear to Kim Ford. Analysts' reports had mixed recommendations about the value of the company.Some analysts were recommending buying the stock and some others were recommending holding the stock. Different recommendations were based on the company's declining performance and the proposed strategies to improve the same. Weakening revenues and net income since 1997 are displayed in their firm's consolidated statement showing an improvement in the later years as well. Therefore, Ford had to run her own calculations. Kim Ford performed a discounted cash flow forecast that resulted in a 12% discount rate with an overvalued estimate for Nikkei at the current share price.Ford also performed a quick sensitivity analysis that showed Nikkei was undervalued. Ford figured the best way to make a choice about Nikkei is by calculating the cost of capital cause Nikkei is financed through equity and debt. Ford asked her assistant, Johanna Cohen, to estimate Nine's cost of capital. WAC is the cost of capital for a firm as a whole and can be interpreted as the required return on the overall firm (Ross, Westfield & Jordan, 2010). Some of the assumptions made by Johanna Cohen in calculating the cost of capital are incorrect.As stated before, the correct assumptions are necessary in order to make the right choice. Johanna used the book values for equity and debt. While book values are acceptable values for debt at times, book values for equity are not. Book values may be important from an accounting point of view but market values are forward looking. Therefore, Johanna should have calculated the equity market value. The debt market value calculated by Johanna is also slightly incorrect. Johanna did not include Redeemable Preferred Stock in her calculation.Consequently, Cone's To figure out the cost of equity Johanna used CAMP, a widely used method. CAMP tells what to expect in regards to fut ure returns on a share of stock. Johanna did right by using this method; however, her calculations include an average for six years on Betas and it should be an average for five years, since the 6th year is not finished. In addition, the 5. 74% rate on 20- year treasury bonds is sufficient to use as the risk-free rate. The geometric mean for current equity risk premiums is more representative to use.Under the cost of debt calculation, Johanna missed a simpler way to calculate the cost of debt. â€Å"The cost of debt is simply the interest rate the firm must pay on new borrowing. For example, if the firm already has bonds outstanding, then the yield to maturity on those bonds is the market required rate on the firm's debt† (Ross et al, 2010). Johanna could have simply calculated the YET on Nine's bonds. Since some of Cone's assumptions are incorrect, the cost of capital calculation does not reflect an accurate result.

IT Project Management Midterm Answers Essays - Project Management

IT Project Management Midterm Answers Essays - Project Management IT Project Management Midterm Answers (b) The Matrix Organization. (b) Scope Management Plan. ( a ) Collect Requirements (b) Use Case Diagram (d) Milestone (d) A business case provides a project budget. (a) Slack (e) Critical Path Analysis (a ) Finish-to-Start (FS) (c) Sunk Costs (d) The value the completed project will provide to an organization. (b) Using technology to meet the needs of the business. (b) Is identifying the project phases and activities and estimating, sequencing , and assigning resources. (a) Signal the beginning of the project or phase. True Brief Answers: Scope, schedule, and budget must remain in a sort of equilibrium to support a part icular project goal. This rela tionship, sometimes referred to as the Triple Constraint. Project portfolio is a term that refers to an organization's group of projects and the process in which they are selected and managed. The project portfolio is strategically selected to advance the corporation's organizational goals. The Project life cycle(PLC) is a collection of logical stages or phases that maps the life of a project from its beginning to end. Each phase should provide one or more deliverables. During the first of these phases, the Initiation Phase , the project objective or need is identified; this can be a business problem or opportunity. An appropriate response to the need is documented in a business case with recommended solution options. A feasibility study is conducted to investigate whether each option addresses the project objective and a final recommended solution is determined. Issues of feasibility ("can we do the project?") and justification ("should we do the project?") are addressed. Yes, it can be considered successful if and only the customer is satisfied with the product . Selective outsourcing provides greater flexibility to choose which project or organizationalproducts and services should be outsourced and which should be kept internal. To avoid scope, creep, leap and grope. Failure to define and agree upon the MOV could result in scope changes later in the project, which can lead to added work impacting the project's schedule and budget. The procedures for defining and managing the scope of a project must be communicated and understood by all of the project's stakeholders to minimize the likelihood of misunderstanding. Moreover, the project's scope must align and support the project's MOV. Why spent time and resources to perform work that will not add any value to the organization of help the project achieve its MOV? Again, work that does not add value consumes valuable time and resources needlessly. Progressive elaboration allows a project management team to manage the project to a greater level of detail as it evolves. It involves continuously improving and detailing a plan as more detailed and specific information and more accurate estimates become available. It helps in achieving more accurate and complete plans that result from successive iterations of the planning process. When the first activity is still running and second activity starts, this is called Lead . For example, you're constructing a two-floor building, and now you have two activities in sequence; i.e. electrical work and painting. However, as you complete the electrical work of ground floor, you start painting it, and electrical work for first floor continues. When first activity completes, if there is then a delay or wait period before the second activity starts, this is called L ag . For Example, suppose you have to paint a newly constructed room. So, the first activity would be applying the primer coating and then you will go for the final painting. However, after applying the primer coating, you must give it some time to dry properly. Once the primer coating dries, you can start final painting. The time given for coating to dry itself is called the lag time.

Indian Ocean Raid in World War II

Indian Ocean Raid in World War II Indian Ocean Raid - Conflict Dates: The Indian Ocean Raid was conducted March 31 to April 10, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Forces Commanders Allies Vice Admiral Sir James Somerville3 carriers, 5 battleships, 7 cruisers, 15 destroyers Japanese Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo6 carriers, 4 battleships, 7 cruisers, 19 destroyers Indian Ocean Raid - Background: Following the Japanese attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the start of World War II in the Pacific, the British position in the region quickly began to unravel. Beginning with the loss of Force Z off Malaysia on December 10, British forces surrendered Hong Kong on Christmas before losing the Battle of Singapore on February 15, 1942. Twelve days later, the Allied naval position in Dutch East Indies collapsed when the Japanese soundly defeated American-British-Dutch-Australian forces at the Battle of the Java Sea. In an effort reestablish a naval presence, the Royal Navy dispatched Vice Admiral Sir James Somerville to the Indian Ocean as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet in March 1942. To support the defense of Burma and India, Somerville received the carriers HMS Indomitable, HMS Formidable, and HMS Hermes as well as five battleships, two heavy cruisers, five light cruisers, and sixteen destroyers. Best known for his reluctant attack on the French at Mers el Kebir in 1940, Somerville arrived on Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and quickly found the Royal Navys principal base at Trincomalee to be poorly defended and vulnerable. Concerned, he directed that a new forward base be constructed on Addu Atoll six hundred miles to the southwest in the Maldives. Alerted to the British naval build up, the Japanese Combined Fleet directed Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo to enter the Indian Ocean with the carriers Akagi, Hiryu, Soryu, Shokaku, Zuikaku, and Ryujo and eliminate Somervilles forces while also supporting operations in Burma. Departing Celebes on March 26, Nagumos carriers were supported by a variety of surface vessels as well as submarines. Indian Ocean Raid - Nagumo Approaches: Warned of Nagumos intentions by American radio intercepts, Somerville elected to withdraw the Eastern Fleet to Addu. Entering the Indian Ocean, Nagumo detached Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa with Ryujo and ordered him to strike British shipping in the Bay of Bengal. Attacking on March 31, Ozawas aircraft sank 23 ships. Japanese submarines claimed five more along the Indian coast. These actions led Somerville to believe that Ceylon would be struck on April 1 or 2. When no attack materialized, he decided to dispatch the older Hermes back to Trincomalee for repairs. The cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire as well as the destroyer HMAS Vampire sailed as escorts. On April 4, a British PBY Catalina succeeded in locating Nagumos fleet. Reporting its position, the Catalina, flown by Squadron Leader Leonard Birchall, was soon downed by six A6M Zeros from Hiryu. Indian Ocean Raid - Easter Sunday: The next morning, which was Easter Sunday, Nagumo launched a large raid against Ceylon. Making landfall at Galle, the Japanese planes moved up the coast to strike at Colombo. Despite the warning the previous day and sightings of the enemy aircraft, the British on the island were effectively taken by surprise. As a result, the Hawker Hurricanes based at Ratmalana were caught on the ground. Conversely, the Japanese, who were unaware of the new base at Addu, were equally taken aback to find that Somervilles ships were not present. Striking the available targets, they sank the auxiliary cruiser HMS Hector and the old destroyer HMS Tenedos as well as destroyed twenty-seven British aircraft. Later in the day, the Japanese located Cornwall and Dorsetshire which were en route back to Addu. Launching a second wave, the Japanese succeeded in sinking both cruisers and killing 424 British sailors. Putting out from Addu, Somerville sought to intercept Nagumo. Late on April 5, two Royal Navy Albacores spotted the Japanese carrier force. One aircraft was quickly downed while the other was damaged before it could radio an accurate spotting report. Frustrated, Somerville continued to search through the night in the hopes of a mounting an attack in the dark using his radar-equipped Albacores. These efforts ultimately proved fruitless. The next day, Japanese surface forces sank five Allied merchant vessels while aircraft destroyed the sloop HMIS Indus. On April 9, Nagumo again moved to strike Ceylon and mounted a large raid against Trincomalee. Having been alerted that an attack was imminent, Hermes departed with Vampire on the night of April 8/9. Indian Ocean Raid - Trincomalee Batticaloa: Hitting Trincomalee at 7:00 AM, the Japanese struck targets around the harbor and one aircraft conducted a suicide attack into a tank farm. The resulting fire lasted a week. Around 8:55 AM, Hermes and its escorts were spotted by scout plane flying from the battleship Haruna. Intercepting this report, Somerville directed the ships to return to port and attempts were made to provide fighter cover. Shortly thereafter, Japanese bombers appeared and commenced attacking the British ships. Effectively unarmed as its aircraft had been landed at Trincomalee, Hermes was hit around forty times before sinking. Its escorts also fell victim to the Japanese pilots. Moving north, Nagumos planes sank the corvette HMS Hollyhock and three merchant ships. The hospital ship Vita later arrived to pick up survivors. Indian Ocean Raid - Aftermath: In the wake of the attacks, Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton, Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon feared that the island would be the target of invasion. This proved not to be the case as the Japanese lacked the resources for a major amphibious operation against Ceylon. Instead, the Indian Ocean Raid accomplished its goals of demonstrating Japanese naval superiority and forcing Somerville to withdraw west to East Africa. In the course of the campaign, the British lost an aircraft carrier, two heavy cruisers, two destroyers, a corvette, an auxiliary cruiser, a sloop, as well as over forty aircraft. Japanese losses were limited to around twenty aircraft. Returning to the Pacific, Nagumos carriers began preparing for the campaigns that would culminate with the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway. Selected Sources World War II Database: Indian Ocean RaidCombined Fleet: Raids into the Indian Ocean Defense Media Network: Nagumos Indian Ocean Raid

Financing_Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financing_Entrepreneurship - Essay Example From the findings of this study, the MD of this case study Pimlico Plumbers is reluctant to do a franchise kind of business. Unless a business’ operations can be conducted from a central point, spatial expansion of activities would not be advisable due to its expensiveness. An example of performing business activities in different locations is that of one establishment in a given town and another in a different town or even a restaurant with the expectations of purchasing equipment and recruiting staff as well as renting of other business premises. Otherwise, if carrying out business operations in various geographical locations becomes hard, there is an alternative of licensing a format of business to other 3rd parties asking them for an opportunity of franchise. Pimlico Plumbers Ltd can be advised to consider franchising and on that note the MD, Charlie Mullins may consider the information provided by the growingbusiness.co.uk website. Under circumstances where third parties are seeking franchise just like in this case Zockoll, then there is need to understand this type of business approach. In such situation, franchisees have to take care of the entire or a portion of their cost outlay of launching franchised parent business’ version. Charlie Mullins’ fear of not Franchising is not losing control. ... It says that franchising presents an opportunity of growing a business both nationally and internationally and where the parent business need not make investments in premises and staff. Franchising is not advisable for all businesses in entirety. While it works for some, others are not likely to make it by way of franchising their businesses. All there needs to be is a recognisable or a widespread brand. (growingbusiness.co.uk, 2009) Pimlico Plumbers has been in business since three decades ago, with a staff made up of 133 engineers besides 42 personnel working in their offices. It is the biggest independent service body corporate. It is atleast known nationally in the UK and thus business franchising can work for the company. The clients of the company are with the inclusion of Chelsea football members of the team, Daniel Craig, Hugh Grant and Keira Knightley. The MD has appeared on Secret Millionaire a programme by Channel 4. (pimlicoplumbers.com, 2010) A franchise business is not free of merits and demerits alike. Franchises are advantageous to owners in that they get to undertake their own operations using the brand provided by an already existing business. A franchise also gains a profit share as well as upfront fee. Franchisees take financial risk while a business profile is being grown besides ample revenue. On the other hand, it is hated for its hindrance to expand in future since the only existing potential is that of staking in profits while franchisees enjoy the remainder. Poor management of franchises as likely to demolish a business brand is another disadvantage that should be put in mind. (growingbusiness.co.uk, 2009) (2). External Finance and Bank Borrowing On the issue of

What did the French Revolution achieve for the bourgeoisie in terms of Essay

What did the French Revolution achieve for the bourgeoisie in terms of liberty - Essay Example The aristocratic revolt of 1787 to 1789 happened at a time when members of the Third Estate were an oppressed group. They considered themselves discriminated in terms of the political, legal, and social perspectives. Though he seldom did so, the king could give lettres du cachet on his opponents in politics and imprison them without trying them. The feudal overlords compelled peasants to abandon their homes and fulfil the hated corvee, a form of unpaid labor. The ecclesiastical and seigniorial courts imposed the death penalty on the less privileged without allowing them the right to appeal. As such, torture was a common activity during that time, and it targeted the less privileged. The desire for change drove the people to revolt against aristocratic leadership with all forms of persecutions. The first was liberty from over taxation at the expense of the rich. Before the revolution, the tax systems spared the wealthy members of the society and left out the rich. Such an idea gave the weak hints that the power regime treated them unfairly (Jones 154). Soon after the revolt, all people became equal before the law. Another factor is the consideration that job opportunities were available to all individuals based on merit and not according to class. Initially, there existed a system where only the affluent class could secure job opportunities. It, therefore, means that the feelings of discrimination that formerly existed started to fade away. There was also an abolishment of the old feudal system of governance, and a more flexible system replaced it. The clergy and the aristocracy ceased being the most prominent in the society as they had initially enjoyed. Instead, the bourgeoisie assumed the position of the most influential group of people in France. The system of governan ce became a basis of democracy in many other countries who copied from France

Atomic Energy Exercises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atomic Energy Exercises - Assignment Example An approximation of the distance of separation for curve 2 appears to be bigger than that of curve 1 thus accounting for the smaller energy than that of curve 1. The maximum amount of force that is needed to push the particles together is greater in curve 1 than in curve 2. This is because the vector force that pulls particles towards each other is inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance and directly proportional to the products of the two charges. Case 2 There is immense proton repulsion between the protons within the nucleus because of the Coulomb’s law electrostatic interactions. In this regard, the force that is exerted by the center protons towards the outer protons is inversely proportion to the proton’s square of the separation distance. The separation distance squared comes about because the force field of an isolated proton charge is uniform towards all directions and becomes diluted with the separation distance just like the area of the centered sphere of the point charge which increases as its radius increases. Case 3 For the incoming protons, their potential energy is smaller compared to when they reach the bottom pit in the center. From Coulomb’s law (f=kq1q2/r2), potential energy is the product of force and distance which is given by PE= kq1q2/r. This means that as the protons move from outside they are far apart from each other hence remarkably little potential energy. When protons are in the center, the particles are close to each other leading to a small separation distance thus a greater potential energy compared to that of incoming protons. Case 4 Binding energy is the mechanically required energy to disassemble an atom into nucleus and free electrons (Jones International University, 2011). Helium has a lower binding energy compared to beryllium and iron. This is because helium has an atomic mass of 2, beryllium has an atomic mass of 4, whereas iron has an atomic mass of 26. In this case, iron has the greatest binding energy because of its atomic mass that is larger than that of beryllium and helium. This is so because, from the periodic table (of elements), the elements with greater atomic mass have increasing binding energy than those with a small atomic mass up to elements that are heavier than xenon which do not obey this trend. This is due to the increasing nucleon force in the nucleus as an extra nucleon gets attracted to other nucleons making the nucleus to be tightly bound. On the other hand, the amount of energy needed to pull the nuclei together for a tight bound is less for in an iron atom than the beryllium and helium atom. This is due to the fact that iron atom has a larger atomic mass than the helium and beryllium atoms. The larger the atomic mass, the more the energy levels of an atom and the less the energy needed to push the nucleus together for a tight bound. Case 5 Uranium 238 has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Its binding energy can be given by: a - b /A1/3 - cZ2/A4/3- d (N-Z) 2 /A2 Â ± e/A7/4. Where a = 14.0, b = 13.0, c = 0.585, d= 19.3, and e = 33. A is the number of nucleons, Z is the number of protons in the nucleus, and N is the number of neutrons in the nucleus. B.E/A = 14-13/238^1/3- 0.585x92^2/238^4/3 – 19.3 (146-92) ^2/238^2Â ± 33/238^7/4 = 0.1614-3.357-0.9936 Â ±0.002288 =-4.1892

Flip Flop Circuit Explanation and Study

Flip Flop Circuit Explanation and Study A flip-flop is a term referring to an electronic circuit (a bistable multivibrator) that has two stable states and thereby is capable of serving as one bit of memory. Today, the term flip-flop has come to mostly denote non-transparent (clocked or edge-triggered) devices, while the simpler transparent ones are often referred to as latches; however, as this distinction is quite new, the two words are sometimes used interchangeably . A flip-flop is usually controlled by one or two control signals and/or a gate or clock signal. The output often includes the complement as well as the normal output. As flip-flops are implemented electronically, they require power and ground connections. Introduction Basic Flip-Flop Circuit A flip-flop circuit can be constructed from two NAND gates or two NOR gates. Each flip-flop has two outputs, Q and Q, and two inputs, set and reset. This type of flip-flop is referred to as an SR flip-flop or SR latch. The flip-flop in figure has two useful states. When Q=1 and Q=0, it is in the set state (or 1-state). When Q=0 and Q=1, it is in the clear state (or 0-state). The outputs Q and Q are complements of each other and are referred to as the normal and complement outputs, respectively. The binary state of the flip-flop is taken to be the value of the normal output. When a 1 is applied to both the set and reset inputs of the flip-flop in Figure 2, both Q and Q outputs go to 0. This condition violates the fact that both outputs are complements of each other. In normal operation this condition must be avoided by making sure that 1s are not applied to both inputs simultaneously. The NAND basic flip-flop circuit in figure operates with inputs normally at 1 unless the state of the flip-flop has to be changed. A 0 applied momentarily to the set input causes Q to go to 1 and Q to go to 0, putting the flip-flop in the set state. When both inputs go to 0, both outputs go to 1. This condition should be avoided in normal operation. Master-Slave Flip-Flop Introduction A master-slave flip-flop is constructed from two seperate flip-flops. One circuit serves as a master and the other as a slave. The logic diagram of an SR flip-flop is shown in figure.The master flip-flop is enabled on the positive edge of the clock pulse CP and the slave flip-flop is disabled by the inverter. The information at the external R and S inputs is transmitted to the master flip-flop. When the pulse returns to 0, the master flip-flop is disabled and the slave flip-flop is enabled. The slave flip-flop then goes to the same state as the master flip-flop. In addition to these two flip-flops, the circuit also includes an inverter. The inverter is connected to clock pulse in such a way that the inverted CP is given to the slave flip-flop. For example, if the CP=0 for a master flip-flop, then the output of the inverter is 1, and this value is assigned to the slave flip-flop. In other words if CP=0 for a master flip-flop, then CP=1 for a slave flip-flop. A master-slave flip flop can be constructed using any type of flip-flop which forms a combination with a clocked RS flip-flop, and with an inverter as slave circuit. An RS master-slave flip-flop consists of two RS flip-flops; one is the master flip-flop and the other a slave. The inverted CP is given to the slave flip-flop. Now when CP=0, the master flip-flop is disabled. So the external inputs R and S of the master flip-flop will not affect the circuit until CP goes to 1. The inverter output goes to 1 and it enables the slave flip-flop. The output Q=Y and Q=Y. When CP=1, the master flip-flop is enabled and the slave flip-flop remains isolated from the circuit until CP goes back to 0. Now Y and Y depends on the external inputs R and S of the master flip-flop. Assume that the flip-flop is in a clear state and no clock pulse is applied to the circuit. The external inputs given are S=1 and R=0. This input will not affect the state of the system until the CP=1. Now the next clock pulse applied should change the state to SET state (S=1, R=0). During the clock pulse transition from 0 to 1, the master flip-flop goes to set state and changes the output Y to 1. However this does not affect the output of the system since the slave flip-flop is isolated from the system (CP=0 for slave). So no change is observed at the output of the system. When the CP returns to 0, the master flip-flop is disabled while the slave is enabled. So the information from the master is allowed to pass through to the slave. Since Y=1, this changes the output Q to 1. In a master slave flip-flop it is possible to change the output of the flip-flop and the external input with same clock pulse. This is because the external input S can be changed at the same time while the pulse goes through its negative edge transition. When CP=0, change in external input S would not affect the state of the system. From this behavior of the master slave flip-flop it is quite clear that the state change in flip-flops coincide with the negative edge transition of the pulse. Negative edge transition means an inverter is attached between the CP terminal and the input of the slave. In positive edge triggered master slave flip-flops an additional inverter is attached between the CP terminal and the input of the master. Such flip-flops are triggered with negative pulses. Negative edge of the pulse affects the master and positive edge affects the slave. Timing Diagram The timing relationship is shown in figure and is assumed that the flip-flop is in the clear state prior to the occurrence of the clock pulse. The output state of the master-slave flip-flop occurs on the negative transition of the clock pulse. Some master-slave flip-flops change output state on the positive transition of the clock pulse by having an additional inverter between the CP terminal and the input of the master. Let us say that a clock of certain frequency is fed to the FF, and consider the case of JK being 11. The propagation delay of FF is very very less than the clock pulse time.The FF continues complementing the output an unpredictable number of times, thus leading to anomaly in the final output after the pulse time of the clock is completed.At the end the clock pulse, the value of O is uncertain.This continuous toggling of output when clock is HIGH is known asRace Around condition. This can be eliminated by Clock time should be less than the propagation delay time of the latch. By using Masterslave JK Flip flop. Pulse-Triggered Master-Slave These flip-flops are constructed from two separate flip-flops. The term pulse-triggered means that data are entered into the flip-flop on the leading edge of the clock pulse, but the output does not reflect the input state until the trailing edge of the clock pulse. This is due to the master flip-flop being rising edge triggered and the slave flip-flop being falling edge triggered as illustrated in the figure below. Master-Slave J-K Flip-Flop A master slave flip flop is a cascade of two S R flip flops with feedback from the outputs of the second to the inputs of the first. Positive clock pulses are applied to the first flip flop and clock pulses are inverted before these are applied to the second flip flop. The logic symbol for the master-slave flip-flop only indicates the initial inputs to the master and the outputs from the slave as indicated by the J-K master-slave flip-flop shown in figure Operation of master-slave J-k flip flop Whe CK=1, the first flip flop is enabled and the outputs Q and Q(toggle) respond to the J K according to its truth table.At this time the second flip flop is inhibited because its clock is LOW. When CK goes LOW, the first flip flop is inhibited and the second flip flop is enabled, because now its clock isHIGH.Since the second flip flop simply follows the first one it is referred to as slave and he first one as the master. Master-slave D flip-flop Consider the following terms: RIPPLE THROUGH: An input changes level during the clock period, and the change appears at the output. PROPAGATION DELAY: The time between applying a signal to an input, and the resulting change in the output. These problems can be overcome by masterslave D Flip flop. A master-slave D flip-flop is created by connecting two gated D latches in series, and inverting the enable input to one of them. It is called master-slave because the second latch in the series only changes in response to a change in the first (master) latch. The term pulse-triggered means that data is entered on the rising edge of the clock pulse, but the output does not reflect the change until the falling edge of the clock pulse. It responds on the negative edge of the enable input usually a clock. For a positive-edge triggered master-slave D flip-flop, when the clock signal is low (logical 0) the enable seen by the first or master D latch (the inverted clock signal) is high (logical 1). This allows the master latch to store the input value when the clock signal transitions from low to high. As the clock signal goes high (0 to 1) the inverted enable of the first latch goes low (1 to 0) and the value seen at the input to the master latch is locked. Nearly simultaneously, the twice inverted enable of the second or slave D latch transitions from low to high (0 to 1) with the clock signal. This allows the signal captured at the rising edge of the clock by the now locked master latch to pass through the slave latch. When the clock signal returns to low (1 to 0), the output of the slave latch is locked, and the value seen at the last rising edge of the clock is held while the master latch begins to accept new values in preparation for the next rising clock edge. By removing the leftmost inverter in the above circuit, a D-type flip flop that strobes on the falling edge of a clock signal can be obtained. The truth table obtained is as follows: CONVENTIONS: The circuit is set means output = 1 The circuit is reset means output = 0 Flip-flops have two output Q and Q or (Q and Q) Due to time related characteristic of the flip-flop, Q and Q (or Q) are usually represented as followed: Qt or Q: present state Qt+1 or Q+: next state POINTS TO REMEMBER: When using a real flip-flop, the following information is needed to be considered: propagation delay (tpLH, tpHL) time needed for an input signal to produce an output signal minimum pulse width (tw(min)) minimum amount of time a signal must be applied setup and hold time (tsu, th) minimum time the input signal must be held fixed before and after the latching action. USES: A flip-flop is used to store one bit, or binary digit, of data. Any one of the flip-flop types can be used to build any of the others. Many logic synthesis tools will not use any other type than D flip-flop and D latch. Level sensitive latches cause problems with Static Timing Analysis (STA) tools and Design For Test (DFT). Many FPGA devices contain only edge-triggered D flip-flops The data contained in several flip-flops may represent the state of a sequencer, the value of a counter, an ASCII character in a computers memory or any other piece of information. One use is to build finite state machines from electronic logic. The flip-flops remember the machines previous state, and digital logic uses that state to calculate the next state. Frequency division: a chain of T flip-flops as described above will also function to divide an input in frequency by 2n, where n is the number of flip-flops used between the input and the output. Master Slave Flip Flop is useful in eliminating race around condition. They are used in both asynchronous and clocked sequential systems.

Essay --

Air pollution has become a major public health issues and it harms both human health and the environmental, over time in Europe air pollution have decrease greatly (EEA 2013), and this air pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and also lead (pb) (WHO 2011), particulate matter and Ozone are now been identify as the two main pollutant that have most major effect on human health, long or short exposure to this pollutant can have both mild and severe impact on health such as impaired respiratory system, cardiovascular diseases or even death (EEA 2013), also exposure to particulate matter decreases life expectancy by an average of one year, indoor pollution as a result of the biological agents in the indoor air which is due to damp and mould also increase the risk of developing respiratory disease in children, there are two man type of pollutant which are the primary pollutant (WHO fact sheet 2011). Pollu tant can be classified into two namely primary pollutant and secondary pollutant; primary pollutants are the pollutants release directly into the atmosphere from the source while secondary pollutants are those type of pollutant forms when primary pollutants react with other chemical in the atmosphere, also type of pollutant and concentration can be indoor or outdoor pollutant, indoor pollutant include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds and smoke, while outdoor pollutant are ozone, sulphur dioxide and particle. (COMEAP 2013) WHO define health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1948) Environment generally affects human health directly or indirectly... ...ssion standards of generator plants, industries emission and car emissions. - Deforestation bush burning and also incinerator burning should be barn all around the country in other to improve the air quality. - Laws should be put in place to barn public smoking as its been done in United Kingdom. - Long chimneys should be compulsory for all industries making use of fossil fuels and also emitting smoke into the atmosphere to avoid pollutants and acid rain which also affect the health of the populace. CONCLUSION Good air quality is vital for human health, Air pollution expose human to ill-health and by reducing the level of pollutant emission in the atmosphere general risk of disease can be reduce worldwide; considerable reduction in the exposure to air pollution can be achieved through the decrease in the concentration of the pollutants in the atmosphere.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 56-59

CHAPTER 56 Sophie stared at Teabing a long moment and then turned to Langdon. â€Å"The Holy Grail is a person?† Langdon nodded. â€Å"A woman, in fact.† From the blank look on Sophie's face, Langdon could tell they had already lost her. He recalled having a similar reaction the first time he heard the statement. It was not until he understood the symbology behind the Grail that the feminine connection became clear. Teabing apparently had a similar thought. â€Å"Robert, perhaps this is the moment for the symbologist to clarify?† He went to a nearby end table, found a piece of paper, and laid it in front of Langdon. Langdon pulled a pen from his pocket. â€Å"Sophie, are you familiar with the modern icons for male and female?† He drew the common male symbol The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code â€Å"Of course,† she said. â€Å"These,† he said quietly,† are not the original symbols for male and female. Many people incorrectly assume the male symbol is derived from a shield and spear, while the female symbol represents a mirror reflecting beauty. In fact, the symbols originated as ancient astronomical symbols for the planet-god Mars and planet-goddess Venus. The original symbols are far simpler.† Langdon drew another icon on the paper. The Da Vinci Code â€Å"This symbol is the original icon for male,†he told her. â€Å"A rudimentary phallus.† â€Å"Quite to the point,† Sophie said. â€Å"As it were,† Teabing added. Langdon went on. â€Å"This icon is formally known as the blade, and it represents aggression and manhood. In fact, this exact phallus symbol is still used today on modern military uniforms to denote rank.† â€Å"Indeed.† Teabing grinned. â€Å"The more penises you have, the higher your rank. Boys will be boys.† Langdon winced. â€Å"Moving on, the female symbol, as you might imagine, is the exact opposite.† He drew another symbol on the page. â€Å"This is called the chalice.† The Da Vinci Code Sophie glanced up, looking surprised. Langdon could see she had made the connection. â€Å"The chalice,† he said,† resembles a cup or vessel, and more important, it resembles the shape of a woman's womb. This symbol communicates femininity, womanhood, and fertility.† Langdon looked directly at her now.† Sophie, legend tells us the Holy Grail is a chalice – a cup. But the Grail's description as a chaliceis actually an allegory to protect the true nature of the Holy Grail. That is to say, the legend uses the chalice as a metaphor for something far more important.† â€Å"A woman,† Sophie said. â€Å"Exactly.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"The Grail is literally the ancient symbol for womanhood, and the Holy Grail represents the sacred feminine and the goddess, which of course has now been lost, virtually eliminated by the Church. The power of the female and her ability to produce life was once very sacred, but it posed a threat to the rise of the predominantly male Church, and so the sacred feminine was demonized and called unclean. It was man, not God, who created the concept of â€Å"original sin,† whereby Eve tasted of the apple and caused the downfall of the human race. Woman, once the sacred giver of life, was now the enemy.† â€Å"I should add,† Teabing chimed,† that this concept of woman as life-bringer was the foundation of ancient religion. Childbirth was mystical and powerful. Sadly, Christian philosophy decided to embezzle the female's creative power by ignoring biological truth and making man the Creator. Genesis tells us that Eve was created from Adam's rib. Woman became an offshoot of man. And a sinful one at that. Genesis was the beginning of the end for the goddess.† â€Å"The Grail,† Langdon said,† is symbolic of the lost goddess. When Christianity came along, the old pagan religions did not die easily. Legends of chivalric quests for the lost Grail were in fact stories of forbidden quests to find the lost sacred feminine. Knights who claimed to be† searching for the chalice† were speaking in code as a way to protect themselves from a Church that had subjugated women, banished the Goddess, burned nonbelievers, and forbidden the pagan reverence for the sacred feminine.† Sophie shook her head. â€Å"I'm sorry, when you said the Holy Grail was a person, I thought you meant it was an actual person.† â€Å"It is,† Langdon said. â€Å"And not just any person,† Teabing blurted, clambering excitedly to his feet. â€Å"A woman who carried with her a secret so powerful that, if revealed, it threatened to devastate the very foundation of Christianity!† Sophie looked overwhelmed. â€Å"Is this woman well known in history?† â€Å"Quite.† Teabing collected his crutches and motioned down the hall. â€Å"And if we adjourn to the study, my friends, it would be my honor to show you Da Vinci's painting of her.† Two rooms away, in the kitchen, manservant Remy Legaludec stood in silence before a television. The news station was broadcasting photos of a man and woman†¦ the same two individuals to whom Remy had just served tea. CHAPTER 57 Standing at the roadblock outside the Depository Bank of Zurich, Lieutenant Collet wondered what was taking Fache so long to come up with the search warrant. The bankers were obviously hiding something. They claimed Langdon and Neveu had arrived earlier and were turned away from the bank because they did not have proper account identification. So why won't they let us inside for a look? Finally, Collet's cellular phone rang. It was the command post at the Louvre. â€Å"Do we have a search warrant yet?† Collet demanded. â€Å"Forget about the bank, Lieutenant,† the agent told him. â€Å"We just got a tip. We have the exact location where Langdon and Neveu are hiding.† Collet sat down hard on the hood of his car. â€Å"You're kidding.† â€Å"I have an address in the suburbs. Somewhere near Versailles.† â€Å"Does Captain Fache know?† â€Å"Not yet. He's busy on an important call.† â€Å"I'm on my way. Have him call as soon as he's free.† Collet took down the address and jumped in his car. As he peeled away from the bank, Collet realized he had forgotten to ask who had tipped DCPJ off to Langdon's location. Not that it mattered. Collet had been blessed with a chance to redeem his skepticism and earlier blunders. He was about to make the most high-profile arrest of his career. Collet radioed the five cars accompanying him. â€Å"No sirens, men. Langdon can't know we're coming.† Forty kilometers away, a black Audi pulled off a rural road and parked in the shadows on the edge of a field. Silas got out and peered through the rungs of the wrought-iron fence that encircled the vast compound before him. He gazed up the long moonlit slope to the chateau in the distance. The downstairs lights were all ablaze. Odd for this hour, Silas thought, smiling. The information the Teacher had given him was obviously accurate. I will not leave this house without the keystone, he vowed. I will not fail the bishop and the Teacher. Checking the thirteen-round clip in his Heckler Koch, Silas pushed it through the bars and let it fall onto the mossy ground inside the compound. Then, gripping the top of the fence, he heaved himself up and over, dropping to the ground on the other side. Ignoring the slash of pain from his cilice, Silas retrieved his gun and began the long trek up the grassy slope. CHAPTER 58 Teabing's† study† was like no study Sophie had ever seen. Six or seven times larger than even the most luxurious of office spaces, the knight's cabinet de travail resembled an ungainly hybrid of science laboratory, archival library, and indoor flea market. Lit by three overhead chandeliers, the boundless tile floor was dotted with clustered islands of worktables buried beneath books, artwork, artifacts, and a surprising amount of electronic gear – computers, projectors, microscopes, copy machines, and flatbed scanners. â€Å"I converted the ballroom,† Teabing said, looking sheepish as he shuffled into the room. â€Å"I have little occasion to dance.† Sophie felt as if the entire night had become some kind of twilight zone where nothing was as she expected. â€Å"This is all for your work?† â€Å"Learning the truth has become my life's love,† Teabing said. â€Å"And the Sangreal is my favorite mistress.† The Holy Grail is a woman, Sophie thought, her mind a collage of interrelated ideas that seemed to make no sense. â€Å"You said you have a picture of this woman who you claim is the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Yes, but it is not I who claim she is the Grail. Christ Himself made that claim.† â€Å"Which one is the painting?† Sophie asked, scanning the walls.† Hmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Teabing made a show of seeming to have forgotten. â€Å"The Holy Grail. The Sangreal. The Chalice.† He wheeled suddenly and pointed to the far wall. On it hung an eight-foot-long print of The Last Supper, the same exact image Sophie had just been looking at. â€Å"There she is!† Sophie was certain she had missed something. â€Å"That's the same painting you just showed me.† He winked. â€Å"I know, but the enlargement is so much more exciting. Don't you think?† Sophie turned to Langdon for help. â€Å"I'm lost.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"As it turns out, the Holy Grail does indeed make an appearance in The LastSupper.Leonardo included her prominently.† â€Å"Hold on,† Sophie said. â€Å"You told me the Holy Grail is a woman.The Last Supper is a painting of thirteen men.† â€Å"Is it?† Teabing arched his eyebrows. â€Å"Take a closer look.† Uncertain, Sophie made her way closer to the painting, scanning the thirteen figures – Jesus Christ in the middle, six disciples on His left, and six on His right. â€Å"They're all men,† she confirmed. â€Å"Oh?† Teabing said. â€Å"How about the one seated in the place of honor, at the right hand of the Lord?† Sophie examined the figure to Jesus' immediate right, focusing in. As she studied the person's face and body, a wave of astonishment rose within her. The individual had flowing red hair, delicate folded hands, and the hint of a bosom. It was, without a doubt†¦ female. â€Å"That's a woman!† Sophie exclaimed. Teabing was laughing. â€Å"Surprise, surprise. Believe me, it's no mistake. Leonardo was skilled at painting the difference between the sexes.† Sophie could not take her eyes from the woman beside Christ. The Last Supper is supposed to be thirteen men.Who is this woman? Although Sophie had seen this classic image many times, she had not once noticed this glaring discrepancy. â€Å"Everyone misses it,† Teabing said. â€Å"Our preconceived notions of this scene are so powerful that our mind blocks out the incongruity and overrides our eyes.† â€Å"It's known as skitoma,†Langdon added. â€Å"The brain does it sometimes with powerful symbols.† â€Å"Another reason you might have missed the woman,† Teabing said,† is that many of the photographs in art books were taken before 1954, when the details were still hidden beneath layers of grime and several restorative repaintings done by clumsy hands in the eighteenth century. Now, at last, the fresco has been cleaned down to Da Vinci's original layer of paint.† He motioned to the photograph. â€Å"Et voila!† Sophie moved closer to the image. The woman to Jesus' right was young and pious-looking, with a demure face, beautiful red hair, and hands folded quietly. This is the woman who singlehandedly could crumble the Church? â€Å"Who is she?† Sophie asked. â€Å"That, my dear,† Teabing replied,† is Mary Magdalene.† Sophie turned. â€Å"The prostitute?† Teabing drew a short breath, as if the word had injured him personally. â€Å"Magdalene was no such thing. That unfortunate misconception is the legacy of a smear campaign launched by the early Church. The Church needed to defame Mary Magdalene in order to cover up her dangerous secret – her role as the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Her role?† â€Å"As I mentioned,† Teabing clarified,† the early Church needed to convince the world that the mortal prophet Jesus was a divine being. Therefore, any gospels that described earthly aspects of Jesus' life had to be omitted from the Bible. Unfortunately for the early editors, one particularly troubling earthly theme kept recurring in the gospels. Mary Magdalene.† He paused. â€Å"More specifically, her marriage to Jesus Christ.† â€Å"I beg your pardon?† Sophie's eyes moved to Langdon and then back to Teabing. â€Å"It's a matter of historical record,† Teabing said,† and Da Vinci was certainly aware of that fact. The Last Supper practically shouts at the viewer that Jesus and Magdalene were a pair.† Sophie glanced back to the fresco. â€Å"Notice that Jesus and Magdalene are clothed as mirror images of one another.† Teabing pointed to the two individuals in the center of the fresco. Sophie was mesmerized. Sure enough, their clothes were inverse colors. Jesus wore a red robe and blue cloak; Mary Magdalene wore a blue robe and red cloak. Yin and yang. â€Å"Venturing into the more bizarre,† Teabing said,† note that Jesus and His bride appear to be joined at the hip and are leaning away from one another as if to create this clearly delineated negative space between them.† Even before Teabing traced the contour for her, Sophie saw it – the indisputable V shape at the focal point of the painting. It was the same symbol Langdon had drawn earlier for the Grail, the chalice, and the female womb. â€Å"Finally,† Teabing said,† if you view Jesus and Magdalene as compositional elements rather than as people, you will see another obvious shape leap out at you.† He paused. â€Å"A letter of the alphabet.† Sophie saw it at once. To say the letter leapt out at her was an understatement. The letter was suddenly all Sophie could see. Glaring in the center of the painting was the unquestionable outline of an enormous, flawlessly formed letter M. â€Å"A bit too perfect for coincidence, wouldn't you say?† Teabing asked. Sophie was amazed. â€Å"Why is it there?† Teabing shrugged. â€Å"Conspiracy theorists will tell you it stands for Matrimonio or Mary Magdalene. To be honest, nobody is certain. The only certainty is that the hidden M is no mistake. Countless Grail-related works contain the hidden letter M – whether as watermarks, underpaintings, or compositional allusions. The most blatant M, of course, is emblazoned on the altar at Our Lady of Paris in London, which was designed by a former Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, Jean Cocteau.† Sophie weighed the information. â€Å"I'll admit, the hidden M's are intriguing, although I assume nobody is claiming they are proof of Jesus' marriage to Magdalene.† â€Å"No, no,† Teabing said, going to a nearby table of books. â€Å"As I said earlier, the marriage of Jesus and Mary Magdalene is part of the historical record.† He began pawing through his book collection. â€Å"Moreover, Jesus as a married man makes infinitely more sense than our standard biblical view of Jesus as a bachelor.† â€Å"Why?† Sophie asked. â€Å"Because Jesus was a Jew,† Langdon said, taking over while Teabing searched for his book,† and the social decorum during that time virtually forbid a Jewish man to be unmarried. According to Jewish custom, celibacy was condemned, and the obligation for a Jewish father was to find a suitable wife for his son. If Jesus were not married, at least one of the Bible's gospels would have mentioned it and offered some explanation for His unnatural state of bachelorhood.† Teabing located a huge book and pulled it toward him across the table. The leather-bound edition was poster-sized, like a huge atlas. The cover read: The Gnostic Gospels.Teabing heaved it open, and Langdon and Sophie joined him. Sophie could see it contained photographs of what appeared to be magnified passages of ancient documents – tattered papyrus with handwritten text. She did not recognize the ancient language, but the facing pages bore typed translations. â€Å"These are photocopies of the Nag Hammadi and Dead Sea scrolls, which I mentioned earlier,† Teabing said. â€Å"The earliest Christian records. Troublingly, they do not match up with the gospels in the Bible.† Flipping toward the middle of the book, Teabing pointed to a passage. â€Å"The Gospel of Philip is always a good place to start.† Sophie read the passage: And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Christ loved her more than all the disciples and used to kiss her often on her mouth. The rest of the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval. They said to him,† Why do you love her more than all of us?† The words surprised Sophie, and yet they hardly seemed conclusive. â€Å"It says nothing of marriage.† â€Å"Au contraire.† Teabing smiled, pointing to the first line. â€Å"As any Aramaic scholar will tell you, the word companion, in those days, literally meant spouse.† Langdon concurred with a nod. Sophie read the first line again. And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Teabing flipped through the book and pointed out several other passages that, to Sophie's surprise, clearly suggested Magdalene and Jesus had a romantic relationship. As she read the passages, Sophie recalled an angry priest who had banged on her grandfather's door when she was a schoolgirl. â€Å"Is this the home of Jacques Sauniere?† the priest had demanded, glaring down at young Sophie when she pulled open the door. â€Å"I want to talk to him about this editorial he wrote.† The priest held up a newspaper. Sophie summoned her grandfather, and the two men disappeared into his study and closed the door. My grandfather wrote something in the paper? Sophie immediately ran to the kitchen and flipped through that morning's paper. She found her grandfather's name on an article on the second page. She read it. Sophie didn't understand all of what was said, but it sounded like the French government, under pressure from priests, had agreed to ban an American movie called The Last Temptation of Christ, which was about Jesus having sex with a lady called Mary Magdalene. Her grandfather's article said the Church was arrogant and wrong to ban it. No wonder the priest is mad, Sophie thought. â€Å"It's pornography! Sacrilege!† the priest yelled, emerging from the study and storming to the front door. â€Å"How can you possibly endorse that! This American Martin Scorsese is a blasphemer, and the Church will permit him no pulpit in France!† The priest slammed the door on his way out. When her grandfather came into the kitchen, he saw Sophie with the paper and frowned. â€Å"You're quick.† Sophie said,† You think Jesus Christ had a girlfriend?† â€Å"No, dear, I said the Church should not be allowed to tell us what notions we can and can't entertain.† â€Å"Did Jesus have a girlfriend?† Her grandfather was silent for several moments. â€Å"Would it be so bad if He did?† Sophie considered it and then shrugged. â€Å"I wouldn't mind.† Sir Leigh Teabing was still talking. â€Å"I shan't bore you with the countless references to Jesus and Magdalene's union. That has been explored ad nauseum by modern historians. I would, however, like to point out the following.† He motioned to another passage. â€Å"This is from the Gospel of Mary Magdalene.† Sophie had not known a gospel existed in Magdalene's words. She read the text: And Peter said,† Did the Saviour really speak with a woman without our knowledge? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did he prefer her to us?† And Levi answered,† Peter, you have always been hot-tempered. Now I see you contending against the woman like an adversary. If the Saviour made her worthy, who are you indeed to reject her? Surely the Saviour knows her very well. That is why he loved her more than us.† â€Å"The woman they are speaking of,† Teabing explained,† is Mary Magdalene. Peter is jealous of her.† â€Å"Because Jesus preferred Mary?† â€Å"Not only that. The stakes were far greater than mere affection. At this point in the gospels, Jesus suspects He will soon be captured and crucified. So He gives Mary Magdalene instructions on how to carry on His Church after He is gone. As a result, Peter expresses his discontent over playing second fiddle to a woman. I daresay Peter was something of a sexist.† Sophie was trying to keep up. â€Å"This is Saint Peter. The rock on which Jesus built His Church.† â€Å"The same, except for one catch. According to these unaltered gospels, it was not Peter to whom Christ gave directions with which to establish the Christian Church. It was Mary Magdalene.† Sophie looked at him. â€Å"You're saying the Christian Church was to be carried on by a woman?† â€Å"That was the plan. Jesus was the original feminist. He intended for the future of His Church to be in the hands of Mary Magdalene.† â€Å"And Peter had a problem with that,† Langdon said, pointing to The Last Supper. â€Å"That's Peter there. You can see that Da Vinci was well aware of how Peter felt about Mary Magdalene.† Again, Sophie was speechless. In the painting, Peter was leaning menacingly toward Mary Magdalene and slicing his blade-like hand across her neck. The same threatening gesture as in Madonna of the Rocks! â€Å"And here too,† Langdon said, pointing now to the crowd of disciples near Peter. â€Å"A bit ominous, no?† Sophie squinted and saw a hand emerging from the crowd of disciples. â€Å"Is that hand wielding a dagger?† â€Å"Yes. Stranger still, if you count the arms, you'll see that this hand belongs to†¦ no one at all. It's disembodied. Anonymous.† Sophie was starting to feel overwhelmed. â€Å"I'm sorry, I still don't understand how all of this makes Mary Magdalene the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Aha!† Teabing exclaimed again. â€Å"Therein lies the rub!† He turned once more to the table and pulled out a large chart, spreading it out for her. It was an elaborate genealogy. â€Å"Few people realize that Mary Magdalene, in addition to being Christ's right hand, was a powerful woman already.† Sophie could now see the title of the family tree. THE TRIBE OF BENJAMIN â€Å"Mary Magdalene is here,† Teabing said, pointing near the top of the genealogy. Sophie was surprised. â€Å"She was of the House of Benjamin?† â€Å"Indeed,† Teabing said. â€Å"Mary Magdalene was of royal descent.† â€Å"But I was under the impression Magdalene was poor.† Teabing shook his head. â€Å"Magdalene was recast as a whore in order to erase evidence of her powerful family ties.† Sophie found herself again glancing at Langdon, who again nodded. She turned back to Teabing. â€Å"But why would the early Church care if Magdalene had royal blood?† The Briton smiled. â€Å"My dear child, it was not Mary Magdalene's royal blood that concerned the Church so much as it was her consorting with Christ, who also had royal blood. As you know, the Book of Matthew tells us that Jesus was of the House of David. A descendant of King Solomon – King of the Jews. By marrying into the powerful House of Benjamin, Jesus fused two royal bloodlines, creating a potent political union with the potential of making a legitimate claim to the throne and restoring the line of kings as it was under Solomon.† Sophie sensed he was at last coming to his point. Teabing looked excited now. â€Å"The legend of the Holy Grail is a legend about royal blood. When Grail legend speaks of ‘the chalice that held the blood of Christ'†¦ it speaks, in fact, of Mary Magdalene – the female womb that carried Jesus' royal bloodline.† The words seemed to echo across the ballroom and back before they fully registered in Sophie's mind. Mary Magdalene carried the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ?† But how could Christ have a bloodline unless†¦ ?† She paused and looked at Langdon. Langdon smiled softly. â€Å"Unless they had a child.† Sophie stood transfixed.† Behold,† Teabing proclaimed,† the greatest cover-up in human history. Not only was Jesus Christ married, but He was a father. My dear, Mary Magdalene was the Holy Vessel. She was the chalice that bore the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ. She was the womb that bore the lineage, and the vine from which the sacred fruit sprang forth!† Sophie felt the hairs stand up on her arms. â€Å"But how could a secret that big be kept quiet all of these years?† â€Å"Heavens!† Teabing said. â€Å"It has been anything but quiet! The royal bloodline of Jesus Christ is the source of the most enduring legend of all time – the Holy Grail. Magdalene's story has been shouted from the rooftops for centuries in all kinds of metaphors and languages. Her story is everywhere once you open your eyes.† â€Å"And the Sangreal documents?† Sophie said. â€Å"They allegedly contain proof that Jesus had a royal bloodline?† â€Å"They do.† â€Å"So the entire Holy Grail legend is all about royal blood?† â€Å"Quite literally,† Teabing said. â€Å"The word Sangreal derives from San Greal – or Holy Grail. But in its most ancient form, the word Sangreal was divided in a different spot.† Teabing wrote on a piece of scrap paper and handed it to her. She read what he had written. Sang Real Instantly, Sophie recognized the translation. Sang Real literally meant Royal Blood. CHAPTER 59 The male receptionist in the lobby of the Opus Dei headquarters on Lexington Avenue in New York City was surprised to hear Bishop Aringarosa's voice on the line. â€Å"Good evening, sir.† â€Å"Have I had any messages?† the bishop demanded, sounding unusually anxious.† Yes, sir. I'm very glad you called in. I couldn't reach you in your apartment. You had an urgent phone message about half an hour ago.† â€Å"Yes?† He sounded relieved by the news. â€Å"Did the caller leave a name?† â€Å"No, sir, just a number.† The operator relayed the number. â€Å"Prefix thirty-three? That's France, am I right?† â€Å"Yes, sir. Paris. The caller said it was critical you contact him immediately.† â€Å"Thank you. I have been waiting for that call.† Aringarosa quickly severed the connection. As the receptionist hung up the receiver, he wondered why Aringarosa's phone connection sounded so crackly. The bishop's daily schedule showed him in New York this weekend, and yet he sounded a world away. The receptionist shrugged it off. Bishop Aringarosa had been acting very strangely the last few months. My cellular phone must not have been receiving, Aringarosa thought as the Fiat approached the exit for Rome's Ciampino Charter Airport. The Teacher was trying to reach me.Despite Aringarosa's concern at having missed the call, he felt encouraged that the Teacher felt confident enough to call Opus Dei headquarters directly. Things must have gone well in Paris tonight. As Aringarosa began dialing the number, he felt excited to know he would soon be in Paris. I'll beon the ground before dawn.Aringarosa had a chartered turbo prop awaiting him here for the short flight to France. Commercial carriers were not an option at this hour, especially considering the contents of his briefcase. The line began to ring. A female voice answered. â€Å"Direction Centrale Police Judidaire.† Aringarosa felt himself hesitate. This was unexpected. â€Å"Ah, yes†¦ I was asked to call this number?† â€Å"Qui etes-vous?† the woman said. â€Å"Your name?† Aringarosa was uncertain if he should reveal it. The French Judicial Police? â€Å"Your name, monsieur?† the woman pressed. â€Å"Bishop Manuel Aringarosa.† â€Å"Un moment.† There was a click on the line. After a long wait, another man came on, his tone gruff and concerned. â€Å"Bishop, I am glad I finally reached you. You and I have much to discuss.†